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J Vet Intern Med. 2000 Sep-Oct;14(5):534-41.
Quantitative bacterial cultures and cytological examination of bronchoalveolar lavage specimens in dogs.

Peeters DE, McKiernan BC, Weisiger RM, Schaeffer DJ, Clercx C.

Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, USA.

Cytology and quantitative bacterial cultures of lower respiratory tract secretions are widely used in human medicine to differentiate airway infection from simple bacterial colonization. A retrospective study was conducted to determine the usefulness of quantitative aerobic cultures and Gram stain intracellular bacteria counts from bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) specimens in dogs in diagnosing lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI) and to determine whether chronic bronchitis is associated with marked bacterial growth in dogs. The threshold determined to define clinically relevant bacterial growth was 1.7 x 10(3) colony-forming units per milliliter of BAL fluid. We used this threshold and found that diagnostic sensitivity and specificity were 86% and 100%, respectively. With a threshold for infection of >2 intracellular bacteria observed in any of 50 fields, microscopic examination of Gram stain BAL preparations had a sensitivity of 71% and a specificity of 97% in establishing LRTI. There was a high correlation between bacterial morphology on BAL Gram stain and bacterial cultures. Combining the results of intracellular bacteria counts from the BAL Gram stain with those from the quantitative cultures, the sensitivity in diagnosing LRTI was 87% and the specificity was 97%. BAL quantitative cultures as well as quantitating intracellular bacteria on Gram stain BAL cytology were revealed to be useful in identifying LRTI in dogs. Chronic bronchitis does not appear to be associated with marked bacterial growth in dogs.

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11012118&dopt=Abstract

Vet Rec. 2000 Aug 26;147(9):233-8.
Cross-sectional study of the prevalence of feather pecking in laying hens in alternative systems and its associations with management and disease.

Green LE, Lewis K, Kimpton A, Nicol CJ.

Department of Biological Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry.

A cross-sectional study of risk factors for feather pecking in layings hens in alternative systems was carried out in July 1998. A total of 637 questionnaires were sent out to farmers and producer groups and, after two reminders, the final response rate was 51.5 per cent. The outcome variable was feather pecking after point of lay. Over 55 per cent of the farmers reported that feather pecking had occurred in the last depopulated flock. This outcome was compared with the management procedures reported by flock managers by using univariate statistics. Factors associated with feather pecking with a significance < or = 0.05 were then tested in two logistic regression models. In the first model the following factors were associated with an increased risk of feather pecking: less than 50 per cent of the flock using the outdoor area on a fine and sunny day, the occurrence of egg peritonitis and the occurrence of infectious bronchitis. The direction of the association between feather pecking and these infectious diseases was unclear, so in the second model only factors which were consistent throughout the laying period were tested. The following factors were associated with an increased risk of feather pecking: less than 50 per cent of the flock using the outdoor area on a fine and sunny day; three or more changes of diet during lay; the inspection of the flock by one person; an absence of loose litter at the end of lay; a temperature in the hen house of less than 20 degrees C; turning the lights up when the flock was inspected; and the use of bell-drinkers. It is concluded that some of these factors could inhibit foraging and dust-bathing behaviour and others may increase competition or frustration, both of these changes having been shown experimentally to initiate feather pecking behaviour.

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11014485&dopt=Abstract

Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 2000 Oct;23(4):492-8.
Endothelial sulfated sialyl Lewis x glycans, putative L-selectin ligands, are preferentially expressed in bronchial asthma but not in other chronic inflammatory lung diseases.

Toppila S, Paavonen T, Laitinen A, Laitinen LA, Renkonen R.

Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Finland.

Lymphocyte infiltrate is a hallmark of inflammatory responses. We have previously shown that de novo-induced endothelial sialyl Lewis x (sLex) expression guides lymphocytes in an L-selectin-dependent manner to sites of acute organ transplant rejections. In this research, we have analyzed five groups of chronic lung inflammations to determine the presence of properly glycosylated, i.e., sulfated, sLex-decorated, L-selectin ligands. Two anti-sLex (2F3 and HECA-452) and one anti-6- and/or 6'-sulfated and/or 6,6'-bisulfated (MECA-79) monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) were used. The control lung specimens did not express L-selectin ligands on endothelium. In contrast, the endothelial staining intensity and the number of positive peribronchial venules and capillaries with mAbs 2F3, HECA-452, and MECA-79 were significantly greater in bronchial biopsies from patients with asthma compared with normal specimens (P<0.003). However, no significant increase of peribronchial endothelial reactivity with these antibodies was observed in adult respiratory distress syndrome, chronic bronchitis, fibrosing alveolitis, and granulomatous inflammation compared with controls. These data suggest that sulfated sLex glycans, acting putatively as ligands for L-selectin, could be instrumental in lymphocyte extravasation into human peribronchial lung tissue during asthma, but not so important in several other inflammatory lung diseases.

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11017914&dopt=Abstract

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STUDY OBJECTIVE: Antibiotics are often used to treat viral upper respiratory tract infections, even though they are usually ineffective. However, frequent inappropriate antibiotic use contributes to the emergence of drug-resistant bacterial pathogens. This study used a national database to evaluate antibiotic use in treating upper respiratory tract infections in emergency departments. METHODS: Data were obtained from the 1996 National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey. Antibiotic prescribing rates were examined for colds, upper respiratory tract infections, and acute bronchitis. Patients with comorbid conditions or secondary diagnoses, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, pneumonia, sinusitis, and HIV, were excluded. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were used to assess predictors of antibiotic use. RESULTS: Overall, there were an estimated 2.7 million ED visits for colds, upper respiratory tract infections, and bronchitis by children and adults in 1996. Antibiotics were prescribed for 24.2% (95% CI 18.9, 29.5) of patients with common colds and upper respiratory tract infections and for 42.2% (95% CI 35.2, 49.2) of patients with bronchitis. There were no significant associations between antibiotic use and patient race, sex, Hispanic ethnicity, geographic location, or source of payment. Antibiotics were prescribed less often by interns or residents than by staff or other physicians (odds ratio 0.43; 95% CI 0.19, 0.98), and patients younger than 18 years were less likely to receive antibiotics than adults (odds ratio 0.32; 95% CI 0.20, 0.52). Smokers were 4.3 (95% CI 2.2, 8.3) times more likely to receive antibiotics than nonsmokers. CONCLUSION: Antibiotics are commonly prescribed for ED patients with upper respiratory tract infections even though they are usually ineffective in otherwise healthy adults. Efforts should be made to reduce inappropriate antibiotic use for the sake of containing costs, preventing side effects, and limiting the spread of antibiotic resistance.

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11020678&dopt=Abstract

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