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Poult Sci. 2002 Nov;81(11):1647-52.
Gastric gross and microscopic lesions caused by the UNAM-97 variant strain of infectious bronchitis virus after the eighth passage in specific pathogen-free chicken embryos.

Escorcia M, Fortoul TI, Petrone VM, Galindo F, Lopez C, Tellez G.

Departamento de Produccion Animal: Aves, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacan, D. F., C. P. 04510, Mexico. magdaescorciahoo.com

Herein we report a description of gross and microscopic lesions found in specific pathogen-free chicken embryos caused by UNAM-97 infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) variant strain after the eighth passage. Embryos were divided into three groups and were inoculated in the chorioallantoic sac with 0.2 mL of UNAM-97, Mass 41 IBV (positive control), or sterile PBS (negative control). Forty-eight hours later the allatoic fluid was taken and used to start a cycle of eight passages through 9-d-old embryos. Seven days after the last passage, embryos were harvested and macroscopic lesions in all organs were recorded. Proventriculus and gizzard samples were obtained from all embryos and routinely processed for microscopic and ultrastructural examinations. The UNAM-97 IBV variant strain caused two macroscopic lesions uncommon for Mexican strains: thin-walled proventriculus and gizzard, as well as urate accumulation within an extra-embryonic peritoneal sac, leaving the body through the umbilical duct and accompanied by the yolk sac. At microscopic level, two relevant findings were observed to be produced by this variant. In the proventriculus, there was a decrease in the gland papillary branching, while the gizzard showed a significant reduction in mucosa thickness and tubular-to-proliferative-cell ratio, as well as an absence of hyaline secretion in the lumen. Electrodense material scattered in proventricular and gizzard cells was observed, with a structure consistent with that of coronaviruses. These pathological chicken embryo findings have not been reported as being caused by other IBV strains in Mexico.

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12455591&dopt=Abstract

Reproduction. 2002 Dec;124(6):821-34.
Epididymal lithiasis in roosters and efferent ductule and testicular damage.

Mahecha GA, Oliveira CA, Balzuweit K, Hess RA.

Departmento de Morfologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte-MG, 30190-003, Brazil.

Epididymal stones have been reported in roosters in the USA and Japan. The cause of this dysfunction, which is associated with low fertility, is not known. The hypothesis of the present study is that a potential cause is the aggressive selection of birds over many centuries based upon female egg laying traits, without concern for potential effects on the male. If this hypothesis is correct, one potential consequence would be the presence of epididymal stones only in domesticated fowl and this observation would be worldwide in distribution. The present study investigated epididymal lithiasis in Brazilian crossbreed roosters and two other fowl strains, in addition to several domestic and wild bird species. The efferent ductules contained stones in 94.3% of the roosters, but stones were absent in all other domestic and wild birds. The stones were irregular in shape, size and colour and consisted mainly of calcium. In affected roosters, the efferent ductules showed epithelial cell vacuolization and sloughing and peritubular mononuclear cell infiltration, culminating with atrophy. Signs of epithelial re-canalization were seen in ductules occluded by abnormal content, such as stones. In the testis, decrease in mass, sloughing of epithelium, mononuclear cell infiltration and tubular atrophy occurred. No correlation was found between the occurrence of stones and a positive test for ELISA IBV (infectious bronchitis virus), or between the number of stones and calcium concentration in water and food, indicating that IBV infection and calcium in the diet were not related to stones formation. This study confirms and extends information about the epididymal lithiasis, which appears to be unique for roosters but to occur around the world. The severity of the lesion points to potentially severe economical impact in the poultry industry.

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12530920&dopt=Abstract

Environ Health Perspect. 2002 Dec;110(12):1191-7.
Concentrated ambient air particles induce vasoconstriction of small pulmonary arteries in rats.

Batalha JR, Saldiva PH, Clarke RW, Coull BA, Stearns RC, Lawrence J, Murthy GG, Koutrakis P, Godleski JJ.

Department of Pathology, University of Sao Paulo School of Medicine, Brazil.

The objective of this study was to determine whether short-term exposures to concentrated ambient particles (CAPs) alter the morphology of small pulmonary arteries in normal rats and rats with chronic bronchitis (CB). Sprague-Dawley male rats were exposed to CAPs, using the Harvard Ambient Particle Concentrator, or to particle-free air (sham) under identical conditions during 3 consecutive days (5 hr/day) in six experimental sets. CB was induced by exposure to 276 +/- 9 ppm of sulfur dioxide (5 hr/day, 5 days/week, 6 weeks). Physicochemical characterization of CAPs included measurements of particle mass, size distribution, and composition. Rats were sacrificed 24 hr after the last CAPs exposure. Histologic slides were prepared from random sections of lung lobes and coded for blinded analysis. The lumen/wall area (L/W) ratio was determined morphometrically on transverse sections of small pulmonary arteries. When all animal data (normal and CB) were analyzed together, the L/W ratios decreased as concentrations of fine particle mass, silicon, lead, sulfate, elemental carbon, and organic carbon increased. In separate univariate analyses of animal data, the association for sulfate was significant only in normal rats, whereas silicon was significantly associated in both CB and normal rats. In multivariate analyses including all particle factors, the association with silicon remained significant. Our results indicate that short-term CAPs exposures (median, 182.75 micro g/m3; range, 73.50-733.00 micro g/m3) can induce vasoconstriction of small pulmonary arteries in normal and CB rats. This effect was correlated with specific particle components and suggests that the pulmonary vasculature might be an important target for ambient air particle toxicity.

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12460797&dopt=Abstract

An Esp Pediatr. 2002 Nov;57(5):420-5.
[Changes in antibiotics prescription in primary care]

[Article in Spanish]

Albanil Ballesteros MR, Calvo Rey C, Sanz Cuesta T.

Centro de Salud Cuzco. Fuenlabrada. Madrid. Spain. a60061eleline/es

BACKGROUND: Bacterial resistance to antimicrobial drugs constitutes a considerable problem in clinical practice. Overprescribing of these drugs contributes to bacterial resistance and current literature shows a growing interest in the rationalization of antibiotic use. OBJECTIVES: To observe the appropriateness of antibiotic prescriptions to children in an outpatient primary care setting, before and after a critical analysis of prescribing habits was performed. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Children aged 0-4 years attending the outpatient pediatric clinic were surveyed in two different periods: 1997 and 2000. The number of visits, infectious and respiratory diseases observed, and courses of antibiotics prescribed was determined. RESULTS: A total of 456 children, 2,339 diseases, and 829 antibiotic prescriptions were included. Several differences were observed between the two periods: the number of antibiotic courses administered to each child in one year averaged 2.3 in the first period and 1.5 in the second (p < 0.001). The number of processes receiving antibiotic prescription decreased from 38.8 % to 31.7 % (p < 0.001). The appropriateness of the decision to treat increased from 85.1 % to 93.3 % (p < 0.001), and the appropriateness of the antibiotic prescribed increased from 56.3 % to 78.7 % (p < 0.001). The most frequently diagnosed infectious diseases were common cold, tonsillopharyngitis, otitis and bronchitis. The most frequently prescribed antibiotic drugs were amoxicillin, amoxicillin-clavulanate and V penicillin. CONCLUSIONS: Physicians' knowledge of their own antibiotics prescription profiles with subsequent critical comparative analysis with current literature on the subject can help to modify prescribing habits.

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12467545&dopt=Abstract

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