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Behav Pharmacol. 1990;1(5):447-451.
Caffeine preexposure sensitizes rats to the motor activating effects of cocaine.

Schenk S, Horger B, Snow S.

Texas A&M University Department of Psychology, College Station, Texas 77843 USA 'Correspondence to S. Schenk at above address.

Rats were preexposed to caffeine or to water vehicle with nine daily injections (20 mg/kg, i.p.). On each of the 9 days, the motor activating response to the drug was assessed in open field boxes. On the tenth day, water and caffeine preexposed rats were challenged with a single injection of cocaine HCI (10 mg/kg, i.p.) or vehicle, and the activational effect of cocaine was assessed. The rats that had been pretreated with caffeine showed a larger response to cocaine than their vehicle treated counterparts, suggesting that caffeine exposure enhanced the response to cocaine. Since caffeine-preexposed rats responded to the vehicle injection on test day in much the same manner as rats that had received chronic injections of the water vehicle, it is unlikely that the increase in cocaine effect was due to carryover effects of the caffeine pretreatment or conditioned activity due to the preexposure. These data add to the literature base describing predisposing factors in cocaine sensitivity, and suggest that readily available stimulants, like caffeine, may serve to prime central systems that mediate the response to cocaine.

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11175429&dopt=Abstract [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2001 Jan;32(1):45-9.
Clinical correlations in infants in the neonatal intensive care unit with varying severity of gastroesophageal reflux.

Khalaf MN, Porat R, Brodsky NL, Bhandari V.

Department of Pediatrics, Albert Einstein Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19141, USA.

BACKGROUND: Gastroesophageal reflux (GER) is frequently a benign condition in infancy with spontaneous resolution. In the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU), however, it can add to neonatal morbidity if not adequately diagnosed and treated. The objective of the current study was to analyze factors associated with GER in infants in the NICU and correlate them with the severity of the disease. METHODS: All infants in the NICU (n = 150; born November 1994 through April 1999) who were evaluated by a five-channel pH study to rule out GER were included in the study. Infants were grouped as normal, with a reflux index (RI) of less than 6 (n = 66); mild, with RI of 6 to 14 (n = 42); and severe, with RI of more than 14 (n = 42). Maternal and neonatal data were obtained. Clinical GER was defined as the presence of feeding problems (significant gastric residue or emesis) and medical improvement with antireflux measures and medications. RESULTS: There was no difference in birth weight, gestational age; incidence of patent ductus arteriosus, intraventricular hemorrhage, necrotizing enterocolitis, or chronic lung disease; and treatment with aminophylline or caffeine among the groups. Infants with mild and severe GER (RI 6-14 and >14) had significantly more clinical GER than the normal group (P = 0.0001). Additionally, infants with RI more than 14 had significantly more respiratory distress syndrome, lower hematocrits at the time of study and longer length of stay than those with no or mild GER (P = 0.02). CONCLUSION: Infants with severe GER had lower hematocrits despite receiving more blood transfusions and iron therapy. Infants with severe GER also had prolonged hospital stays. Early diagnosis and aggressive management of GER may decrease neonatal morbidity and result in earlier discharge from the NICU.

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11176324&dopt=Abstract

Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2003 May;284(5):R1330-9. Epub 2003 Jan 16.
Triggering of sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ release and contraction by reverse mode Na+/Ca2+ exchange in trout atrial myocytes.

Hove-Madsen L, Llach A, Tibbits GF, Tort L.

Unitat de Fisiologia Animal, Departamento de Biologia Cel.lular, Fisiologia i Immunologia, Facultat de Ciencies, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola, Barcelona, Spain. lhovsp.santpau.es

Whole cell patch clamp and intracellular Ca(2+) transients in trout atrial cardiomyocytes were used to quantify calcium release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) and examine its dependency on the Ca(2+) trigger source. Short depolarization pulses (2-20 ms) elicited large caffeine-sensitive tail currents. The Ca(2+) carried by the caffeine-sensitive tail current after a 2-ms depolarization was 0.56 amol Ca(2+)/pF, giving an SR Ca(2+) release rate of 279 amol Ca(2+). pF(-1). s(-1) or 4.3 mM/s. Depolarizing cells for 10 ms to different membrane potentials resulted in a local maximum of SR Ca(2+) release, intracellular Ca(2+) transient, and cell shortening at 10 mV. Although 100 microM CdCl(2) abolished this local maximum, it had no effect on SR Ca(2+) release elicited by a depolarization to 110 or 150 mV, and the SR Ca(2+) release was proportional to the membrane potential in the range -50 to 150 mV with 100 microM CdCl(2). Increasing the intracellular Na(+) concentration ([Na(+)]) from 10 to 16 mM enhanced SR Ca(2+) release but reduced cell shortening at all membrane potentials examined. In the absence of TTX, SR Ca(2+) release was potentiated with 16 mM but not 10 mM pipette [Na(+)]. Comparison of the total sarcolemmal Ca(2+) entry and the Ca(2+) released from the SR gave a gain factor of 18.6 +/- 7.7. Nifedipine (Nif) at 10 microM inhibited L-type Ca(2+) current (I(Ca)) and reduced the time integral of the tail current by 61%. The gain of the Nif-sensitive SR Ca(2+) release was 16.0 +/- 4.7. A 2-ms depolarization still elicited a contraction in the presence of Nif that was abolished by addition of 10 mM NiCl(2). The gain of the Nif-insensitive but NiCl(2)-sensitive SR Ca(2+) release was 14.8 +/- 7.1. Thus both reverse-mode Na(+)/Ca(2+) exchange (NCX) and I(Ca) can elicit Ca(2+) release from the SR, but I(Ca) is more efficient than reverse-mode NCX in activating contraction. This difference may be due to extrusion of a larger fraction of the Ca(2+) released from the SR by reverse-mode NCX rather than a smaller gain for NCX-induced Ca(2+) release.

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12531782&dopt=Abstract

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Hair Loss, or alopecia is a concern for increasing number of folks in aging society. Loss of hair is a visible problem, and affects the appearance and changes identity of a person.
The phenomenon of hair thinning and hair loss is most commonly associated with natural aging, although there are many other causes of hair loss, which include inherited or genetic conditions, illnesses, malnutrition, stress, hormonal problems, chemotherapy, and use of some drugs.
Hair growth is a sophisticated biological process, which has not yet been completely understood. A multitude of therapeutic measures, including drugs, surgery, and suppelements have been made available, and used. However, due to the heterogeneity in the underlying cause, there is no perfect cure for all hair loss cases. Most of chemical drugs and hair transplantation surgeries are not free from varying degrees of undesirable side effects on health.

Hair Million is an alternative solution to hair loss problems. Anecdotally, it shows prositive results and improvement for age-related hair thinning and hair loss for a fraction of people who take it. We do not know the mechanisms of action as to how Hair Million works to help stop hair loss, and promote hair growth. We only know by anecdotal observations. There has been no clinical trials nor placebo controlled statistical analysis on the efficacy of Hair Million on hair loss and hair growth. However, there are two merits in this hair restoration herbal formula:
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