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Interferon research abs 1 ||
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hair related research references ||
testosterone related research references ||
melanin related research references ||
caffeine related research references ||
nicotine related research references
J Neurosci Res. 2000 Dec 15;62(6):840-6.
Ca(2+) dynamics in synaptosomes isolated from the squid optic lobe.
Benech JC, Lima PA, Sotelo JR, Brown ER.
Departmento de Biofisica, Instituto de Investigaciones Biologicas Clemente Estable, Montevideo, Uruguay.
Synaptosomes from the optic lobes of squid (Loligo forbesi) were prepared by homogenization and allowed to settle onto glass coverslips. Synaptosomes were loaded with Ca(2+) sensitive dyes (Fura-2 AM, Calcium Green-1 AM and Calcium Green-5N AM), visualized by light microscopy and Ca(2+) sensitive fluorescence signals recorded and analyzed. With Fura-2, resting Ca(2+) was found to be 80 nM (n = 10, SEM 5.7). Addition of K(+) (30 mM), caffeine (3 mM) and thapsigargin (10 microM) evoked transient increases in cytoplasmic Ca(2+). Addition of BAPTA-AM (20 microM) decreased intrasynaptosomal free Ca(2+). Similar results were obtained with Calcium Green-1 AM but not with Calcium Green-5N AM. We conclude that synaptosomes from the squid optic lobe posses intact membranes and mechanisms to regulate intrasynaptosomal free [Ca(2+)], as well as caffeine sensitive Ca(2+) stores. The results of this study are discussed with respect to the role of Ca(2+) in presynaptic protein synthesis. 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11107169&dopt=Abstract
J Biol Chem. 2001 Mar 16;276(11):8213-8. Epub 2000 Dec 06.
7-Methylxanthine methyltransferase of coffee plants. Gene isolation and enzymatic properties.
Ogawa M, Herai Y, Koizumi N, Kusano T, Sano H.
Research and Education Center for Genetic Information, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Nara 630-0101, Japan.
Caffeine is synthesized through sequential three-step methylation of xanthine derivatives at positions 7-N, 3-N, and 1-N. However, controversy exists as to the number and properties of the methyltransferases involved. Using primers designed on the basis of conserved amino acid regions of tea caffeine synthase and Arabidopsis hypothetical proteins, a particular DNA fragment was amplified from an mRNA population of coffee plants. Subsequently, this fragment was used as a probe, and four independent clones were isolated from a cDNA library derived from coffee young leaves. Upon expression in Escherichia coli, one of them was found to encode a protein possessing 7-methylxanthine methyltransferase activity and was designated as CaMXMT. It consists of 378 amino acids with a relative molecular mass of 42.7 kDa and shows similarity to tea caffeine synthase (35.8%) and salicylic acid methyltransferase (34.1%). The bacterially expressed protein exhibited an optimal pH for activity ranging between 7 and 9 and methylated almost exclusively 7-methylxanthine with low activity toward paraxanthine, indicating a strict substrate specificity regarding the 3-N position of the purine ring. K(m) values were estimated to be 50 and 12 microM for 7-methylxanthine and S-adenosyl-l-methionine, respectively. Transcripts of CaMXMT could be shown to accumulate in young leaves and stems containing buds, and green fluorescent protein fusion protein assays indicated localization in cytoplasmic fractions. The results suggest that, in coffee plants, caffeine is synthesized through three independent methylation steps from xanthosine, in which CaMXMT catalyzes the second step to produce theobromine.
online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11108716&dopt=Abstract
Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2000 Dec 15;45(2-3):149-67.
On mathematical models of microdialysis: geometry, steady-state models, recovery and probe radius.
Stahle L.
Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Karolinska Institute, Huddinge Hospital, SE-14186, Huddinge, Sweden. lars.stahlharmlab.hs.sll.se
Commonly used methods for microdialysis recovery measurement are reviewed and the zero flow and no net flux methods are suggested as the most robust in practice. Six different mathematical models of microdialysis assumptions are investigated and compared for varying dialysis probe radius. One transmitter (dopamine), three metabolites (DOPAC, HVA and 5HIAA) and two drugs (caffeine and theophylline) were studied. Histology and functional response to a drug were measured. Deficiencies were demonstrated for several of the models, the one best explaining experimental data includes both passive diffusion and active tissue regulation in a cylindrical symmetric geometry. The recovery decreased with decreasing probe radius but smaller probes caused less tissue injury. It is concluded that a mathematical model of microdialysis must include diffusional and physiological processes in order to accurately account for experimentally observed phenomena. The experiments also demonstrated that, for small brain nuclei, the size of the nucleus may influence the recovery.
online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11108972&dopt=Abstract
Hair loss is a problem in modern soceity. Examining the factors of hair growth may
shed light on how hair loss might occur.
How long can hair grow before it stops growing eventually if it does?
Given that the hair growth rate is quite uniform and constant, somewhere between 0.3-0.5 millimeters per day, it's believed that the length of anagen, the growth phase, differs among individuals, and this is the major determinant to the maximum hair length. For some individuals, anagen may last ten years. Of course the length of the anagen is governed by genes, and the genetic background of the individuals. Non-genetic factors such as nutritional condition, weather, seasonal changes (hair may grow a bit faster during winter), taking medications, health condition may of course influence the rate of
hair growth as well as
hair loss.
The shape of the hair, straight or curly, is dependent on the shape of the follicle. A circular or round hair follicle would generate straight hair, while the follicle with oval or elliptical shapes (in its cross-section) would produce a curly hair.
DHEA is a natural hormone, and it is produced in our body by the adrenal glands.
DHEA has been suggested to provide numerous potential benefits. DHEA (or dehydroepiandrosterone) is converted into androgens (male hormones)
or estrogens (female hormones) in the cells.
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