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J Radiat Res (Tokyo). 2000 Jun;41(2):163-75.
LET dependency of heavy-ion induced apoptosis in V79 cells.

Aoki M, Furusawa Y, Yamada T.

Space and Particle Radiation Science Research Group, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba, Japan. mizuhirs.go.jp

We investigated the relationship between the LET values and cell death, defined as either apoptosis or loss of reproductive integrity (reproductive death), using Chinese hamster V79 cells. The cells were irradiated with X-rays or carbon-ion beams from the Heavy Ion Medical Accelerator in Chiba (HIMAC) at the National Institute of Radiological Sciences (NIRS). Apoptosis was defined based on the morphological change upon treating of cells with caffeine. The apoptotic index, the ratio of apoptotic cells to the total, after exposure to 2 Gy of X-rays was 0.043. Upon irradiation with carbon-ion beams, the index was gradually increased with increasing LET values, reaching a maximum of 0.076 at 110 keV/micron, and then decreased to 0.054 at 237 keV/micron. An analogous pattern of the LET dependence was observed between reproductive death and apoptotic death. The cell-survival values obtained after 2 Gy exposure (SF2) were 0.64, 0.13, and 0.24, respectively. A similar trend was found for the RBE values calculated from the initial slope for both apoptosis and reproductive death. These results strongly suggest that the target for both types of cell death is the same.

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11037583&dopt=Abstract

Drug Metab Dispos. 2000 Nov;28(11):1317-20.
Decreased in vivo metabolism of drugs in chronic renal failure.

Leblond FA, Giroux L, Villeneuve JP, Pichette V.

Service de Nephrologie et Centre de Recherche Guy-Bernier, Hopital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Faculte de Medecine, Universite de Montreal, Quebec, Canada.

Chronic renal failure (CRF) is associated with a decrease in renal excretion of drugs, but its effects on the liver metabolism of xenobiotics are poorly defined. The objectives of this study were to determine the effects of CRF on hepatic cytochrome P450 (CYP450) and its repercussions on in vivo hepatic metabolism of drugs. Two groups of rats were studied: control paired-fed and CRF. CRF was induced by subtotal nephrectomy. Total CYP450 activity and protein expression of several CYP450 isoforms (CYP1A2, CYP2C11, CYP3A1, CYP3A2) were assessed in liver microsomes. In vivo cytochrome P450 activity was evaluated with breath tests using substrates for different isoenzymes: caffeine (CYP1A2), aminopyrine (CYP2C11), and erythromycin (CYP3A2). Creatinine clearance was reduced by 60% (P <. 01) in rats with CRF. Compared with control paired-fed rats, total CYP450 activity was reduced by 40% in rats with CRF. Protein expression of CYP2C11, CYP3A1, and CYP3A2 was considerably reduced (more than 45%, P <.001) in rats with CRF, whereas the levels of CYP1A2 were unchanged. In rats with CRF, there was a 35% reduction in the aminopyrine (CYP2C11) and the erythromycin (CYP3A2) breath tests compared with control animals (P <.001). The caffeine (CYP1A2) breath tests remained comparable to controls. Creatinine clearance correlated with the aminopyrine and erythromycin breath tests (r(2) = 0.73 and r(2) = 0.81, respectively, P <.001). In conclusion, CRF is associated with a decrease in total liver CYP450 activity in rats (mainly in CYP2C11, CYP3A1, and CYP3A2), which leads to a significant decrease in the metabolism of drugs.

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11038159&dopt=Abstract

Jpn J Physiol. 2002 Oct;52(5):479-87.
Post-effects of nandrolone decanoate treatment on contractile responses of rat skeletal muscles.

Joumaa WH, Bouhlel A, Leoty C.

Laboratoire de Physiologie Generale, CNRS UMR 6018, Faculte des Sciences et des Techniques, Universite de Nantes, B.P. 92208, 44322 Nantes, France. wjoumaahoo.com

The post-effects of nandrolone decanoate treatment (15 mg.kg(-1).week(-1)) were studied on contractile responses of isolated small bundles of intact slow-(soleus) and fast-(extensor digitorum longus, edl) twitch fibers in rat. Five weeks of treatment induced, in edl, an increase in the amplitude of twitch (55%) and K(+) contracture (32%) without significant change in the time constant of relaxation and caffeine contracture. In soleus, an increase in the amplitude of twitch (35%) and caffeine contracture (0.2 mM: 218%, 0.5 mM: 88%, 5 mM: 28%, and 10 mM: 25%) was observed without change in K(+) contracture characteristics. In addition to these effects, 10 weeks of drug treatment increased the amplitude of soleus K(+) contracture (29%) and edl caffeine contracture (0.2 mM: 247%, 0.5 mM: 170%, 5 mM: 29%, and 10 mM: 45%), and reduced the 50% recovery time for K(+) contracture (EC(50)) (soleus: 37%, edl: 12%). After 5-week treatment followed by 5-week arrest, as compared to the control group, no change in the amplitude of twitch, K(+) or caffeine contractures was found in edl. In soleus, although no significant difference was observed in the amplitude of twitch, the amplitude of K(+) (35%) and caffeine contractures (0.2 mM: 227%, 0.5 mM: 128%) remained greater than the control group. Moreover, the EC(50) values were prolonged (46%) in soleus, whereas no significant difference was observed in edl. The present work suggests that nandrolone decanoate treatment induced differential post-effects on contractile responses developed in slow- and fast-twitch skeletal muscles by acting differently on the different steps of the excitation-contraction coupling mechanism.

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12533253&dopt=Abstract [PubMed - in process]

Hair loss is a problem in modern soceity. Examining the factors of hair growth may shed light on how hair loss might occur. How long can hair grow before it stops growing eventually if it does? Given that the hair growth rate is quite uniform and constant, somewhere between 0.3-0.5 millimeters per day, it's believed that the length of anagen, the growth phase, differs among individuals, and this is the major determinant to the maximum hair length. For some individuals, anagen may last ten years. Of course the length of the anagen is governed by genes, and the genetic background of the individuals. Non-genetic factors such as nutritional condition, weather, seasonal changes (hair may grow a bit faster during winter), taking medications, health condition may of course influence the rate of hair growth as well as hair loss. The shape of the hair, straight or curly, is dependent on the shape of the follicle. A circular or round hair follicle would generate straight hair, while the follicle with oval or elliptical shapes (in its cross-section) would produce a curly hair.

DHEA is a natural hormone, and it is produced in our body by the adrenal glands. DHEA has been suggested to provide numerous potential benefits. DHEA (or dehydroepiandrosterone) is converted into androgens (male hormones) or estrogens (female hormones) in the cells.

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