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Fatty acids resources:

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Anal Bioanal Chem. 2003 Jul;376(5):659-67. Epub 2003 Jun 11.
A thorough study of the surface wax of apple fruits.

Verardo G, Pagani E, Geatti P, Martinuzzi P.

Department of Chemical Sciences and Technologies, University of Udine, 33100, Udine, Italy. giancarlo.verardstc.uniud.it

The composition of the surface waxes of three apple ( Malus domesticaL.) cultivars ("Florina", "Golden B" and "Ozark Gold") has been studied by means of spectroscopic and GC-MS analysis of the class-fractionated mixture of components. Odd n-alkanes, mainly C(27) and C(29) molecules, are prevalent in the saturated fraction. Small concentrations of alkenes were also found; the C(28:1) component is strongly (72%) in excess over the other 1-alkenes. Straight-chain esters (mainly of palmitic acid) of saturated primary alcohols (C(18)-C(30)) were also detected; whereas the acyl moiety is made up essentially of an even number of carbons, the alcohol counterpart does not exhibit this characteristic. Aldehydes are present (C(20)-C(30)) with the homologue patterns C(26)-C(30) most strongly represented. Straight-chain free secondary alcohols characterize the waxes of "Florina" and "Ozark Gold"; the hydroxy function is located far from the extremity of the carbon framework. Outstanding is the presence of three alcohols with 29 carbon centres. These alcohols are accompanied by free straight-chain primary alcohols, mainly with even-numbered carbon chains in the range C(26)-C(30). Free fatty acids are present; all of have a framework of even-numbered carbon chains mainly in the range C(16)-C(20). C(18:1) (oleic acid) is well represented.

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12802575&dopt=Abstract [PubMed - in process]

Histochem Cell Biol. 2003 Jun;119(6):469-75. Epub 2003 Jun 11.
Localization of brain-type fatty acid-binding protein in Kupffer cells of mice and its transient decrease in response to lipopolysaccharide.

Abdelwahab SA, Owada Y, Kitanaka N, Iwasa H, Sakagami H, Kondo H.

Division of Histology, Department of Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Tohoku University, 980-8575 Sendai, Japan.

Brain-type fatty acid-binding protein (B-FABP) was localized in Kupffer cells of liver of postnatal day 10 (P10) and older mice in immunolight and electron microscopy as well as by in situ hybridization histochemistry. The immunoreaction products were localized in the cytoplasmic matrix but not within the nucleus. After peritoneal injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), the immunoreaction for B-FABP decreased markedly in Kupffer cells at 1 h postinjection and thereafter gradually recovered to the preinjection level by 24 h postinjection, although no decrease in the mRNA expression was detected in Northern blotting throughout the course after the injection. The specific localization of B-FABP, but not the other FABPs, in Kupffer cells, and its rapid decrease after LPS injection suggest the intimate involvement of B-FABP in Kupffer cells in the inflammatory reaction, probably through mediation of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, which are strong binders of B-FABP.

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12802594&dopt=Abstract [PubMed - in process]

Int J Neurosci. 2003 Mar;113(3):361-81.
Hypothalamic digoxin, hemispheric chemical dominance, and Alzheimer's disease.

Kurup RK, Kurup PA.

Department of Neurology, Medical College Hospital, Trivandrum, Kerala, India. kvgnaiatyam.net.in

This study assessed the changes in the isoprenoid pathway and the consequences of its dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease (AD). The isoprenoid pathway and digoxin status were also studied for comparison in individuals of differing hemispheric dominance to find the role of cerebral dominance in the genesis of Alzheimer's disease. There was elevation in plasma HMG CoA reductase activity, serum digoxin, and dolichol levels, and a reduction in serum magnesium, RBC membrane Na(+)-K+ ATPase activity, and serum ubiquinone levels. Serum tryptophan, serotonin, strychnine, nicotine, and quinolinic acid were elevated, while serum tyrosine, morphine, dopamine, and noradrenaline were decreased. The total serum glycosaminoglycans and glycosaminoglycan fractions, the activity of GAG degrading enzymes and glycohydrolases, carbohydrate residues of glycoproteins, and serum glycolipids were elevated in Alzheimer's disease. HDL cholesterol was reduced and free fatty acids increased. The RBC membrane glycosaminoglycans, hexose, and fucose residues of glycoproteins and cholesterol were reduced, while phospholipid increased. The activity of all free radical scavenging enzymes, concentration of glutathione, alpha tocopherol, iron binding capacity, and ceruloplasmin decreased significantly in Alzheimer's disease, while the concentration of lipid peroxidation products and NO increased. The hypomagnesemia-related NMDA excitotoxicity, ubiquinone deficiency related mitochondrial dysfunction, and altered glycoconjugates/lysosomal stability could contribute to the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. The biochemical patterns, including hyperdigoxinemia observed in Alzheimer's disease, correlated with those obtained in right hemispheric chemical dominance. Right hemispheric chemical dominance is a predisposing factor for Alzheimer's disease.

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12803139&dopt=Abstract

Environ Technol. 2003 May;24(5):573-87.
Effects of trace element addition on volatile fatty acid conversions in anaerobic granular sludge reactors.

Osuna MB, Zandvoort MH, Iza JM, Lettinga G, Lens PN.

Sub-department of Environmental Technology, Agricultural University of Wageningen Biotechnion-Bomenweg, 2, PO Box 8129, 6700 EV Wageningen, The Netherlands.

The effect of the addition of trace elements on the conversion of a mixture of volatile fatty adds (Acetate, Propionate, Butyrate, in a ratio 3:1:1) by anaerobic granular sludge was investiated. Two Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Bed reactors (pH 7, ranging 30 degrees C) were operated for 140 days at an organic loading rate from 2 g COD l(-1) d(-1) up to 10 g COD l(-1) d(-1) and a hydraulic retention time of 12 hours. One reactor (R1) was supplied with a trace metal cocktail in the basal medium, whereas trace metals were omitted from the influent of the second reactor (R2). As a result, the trace metal concentration in the granules from R2 steadily decreased at a rate of 48 microg metal g(-1) TS d(-1) down to 35% of their initial value. In contrast, trace metals accumulated in granules present in R1. At the end of the experiment, the COD removal efficiencies were 99 and 77% for, respectively, the control (R1) and deprived (R2) reactors. This difference was due to lack of propionate conversion by sludge from R2. No difference in the acetate and butyrate conversion capacity of both reactors was observed. The conversion of acetate, propionate and methanol were stimulated by the continuous addition of metals to the influent, a sludge of R1 had higher maximum specific activity values compared to sludge of R2. However, both sludges had a similar maximum specific activity with butyrate. Surprisingly, maximum specific activity tests using individual trace metals showed that the addition of a particular trace element in the activity test medium did not affect the degradation rates of aspecific substrate, i.e. acetate, propionate, butyrate and methanol.

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12803250&dopt=Abstract [PubMed - in process]

The average human scalp is covered by approximatey 100,000 hair follicles. Each hair undergoes hair cycle and normally 50-100 hairs randomly fall out a day, which is unnoticeable because lost hair is replaced by as many new hairs springing up daily. Hair loss results from the fall out of hair from the hair follicle. Alopecia or excessive, premature hair loss is the condition caused by many factors. Loss of hair itself does not pose critical health problems because biological role of human hair is relatively marginal. Hair on our scalp protects the head from mechanical shock, heat loss, and exposure to UV-light. The eyelashes and eyebrowes protect the eyes, and hair in the ear canal or the nasal passages help filter out particles and pathogens, thus protecting our internal organs. However, hair does play important social role: it is one of the major determinants of our appearance and identity in daily life. Fullness of hair also implicates or manifests physical integrity and youthfulness of the person. Losing hair could have more than just emotional impacts on individuals. The hair is a unique organ that goes through a characteristic cycle consisting of an immature phase, a growing phase called anagen, a transitional phase between the growing phase and the resting phase called catagen, and finally a resting phase called telogen in which the hair stops growing, waiting to fall out. 85-90% of hairs on our body are in anagen phase or growing phase, which lasts anywhere from two to five years. This phase is followed by a short regression phase, or catagen, which lasts 2-3 weeks. Approximately 1% of hair follicles are in catagen. Approximately 10-15% of hair follicles are in the resting phase, the telogen, which lasts about 3-5 months. Hair follicles typically goes through 10-20 asynchronous cycles during the lifetime. Persistent loss of more than 150 hairs would consist a state of hair loss, or alopecia, albeit it could be temporary.

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