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Fatty acids resources:

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Plant Physiol. 2003 Jun;132(2):999-1010. Epub 2003 May 01.
Systemic gene expression in Arabidopsis during an incompatible interaction with Alternaria brassicicola.

Schenk PM, Kazan K, Manners JM, Anderson JP, Simpson RS, Wilson IW, Somerville SC, Maclean DJ.

Cooperative Research Centre for Tropical Plant Protection, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia. p.schenpp.uq.edu.au

Pathogen challenge can trigger an integrated set of signal transduction pathways, which ultimately leads to a state of "high alert," otherwise known as systemic or induced resistance in tissue remote to the initial infection. Although large-scale gene expression during systemic acquired resistance, which is induced by salicylic acid or necrotizing pathogens has been previously reported using a bacterial pathogen, the nature of systemic defense responses triggered by an incompatible necrotrophic fungal pathogen is not known. We examined transcriptional changes that occur during systemic defense responses in Arabidopsis plants inoculated with the incompatible fungal pathogen Alternaria brassicicola. Substantial changes (2.00-fold and statistically significant) were demonstrated in distal tissue of inoculated plants for 35 genes (25 up-regulated and 10 down-regulated), and expression of a selected subset of systemically expressed genes was confirmed using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Genes with altered expression in distal tissue included those with putative functions in cellular housekeeping, indicating that plants modify these vital processes to facilitate a coordinated response to pathogen attack. Transcriptional up-regulation of genes encoding enzymes functioning in the beta-oxidation pathway of fatty acids was particularly interesting. Transcriptional up-regulation was also observed for genes involved in cell wall synthesis and modification and genes putatively involved in signal transduction. The results of this study, therefore, confirm the notion that distal tissue of a pathogen-challenged plant has a heightened preparedness for subsequent pathogen attacks.

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12805628&dopt=Abstract

Plant Physiol. 2003 Jun;132(2):1065-76.
Arabidopsis contains a large superfamily of acyl-activating enzymes. Phylogenetic and biochemical analysis reveals a new class of acyl-coenzyme a synthetases.

Shockey JM, Fulda MS, Browse J.

Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman 99164-6340, USA.

Acyl-activating enzymes are a diverse group of proteins that catalyze the activation of many different carboxylic acids, primarily through the formation of a thioester bond. This group of enzymes is found in all living organisms and includes the acyl-coenzyme A synthetases, 4-coumarate:coenzyme A ligases, luciferases, and non-ribosomal peptide synthetases. The members of this superfamily share little overall sequence identity, but do contain a 12-amino acid motif common to all enzymes that activate their acid substrates using ATP via an enzyme-bound adenylate intermediate. Arabidopsis possesses an acyl-activating enzyme superfamily containing 63 different genes. In addition to the genes that had been characterized previously, 14 new cDNA clones were isolated as part of this work. The protein sequences were compared phylogenetically and grouped into seven distinct categories. At least four of these categories are plant specific. The tissue-specific expression profiles of some of the genes of unknown function were analyzed and shown to be complex, with a high degree of overlap. Most of the plant-specific genes represent uncharacterized aspects of carboxylic acid metabolism. One such group contains members whose enzymes activate short- and medium-chain fatty acids. Altogether, the results presented here describe the largest acyl-activating enzyme family present in any organism thus far studied at the genomic level and clearly indicate that carboxylic acid activation metabolism in plants is much more complex than previously thought.

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12805634&dopt=Abstract

ScientificWorldJournal. 2001 Dec 11;1(12 Suppl 2):30-4.
Nitrogen and sulphur relations in effecting yield and quality of cereals and oilseed crops.

Nad BK, Purakayastha TJ, Singh DV.

Nitrogen and sulphur, both vital structural elements, are especially needed for the synthesis of proteins and oils. Investigations revealed the required application of sulphur is one half to one third the amount of nitrogen, and the ratio becomes narrower in mustard ( Brassica juncea L.), followed by wheat and rice. The efficiency of an increased level of nitrogen required a proportionately higher amount of sulphur. A critical investigation on the effective utilization of applied vis- -vis absorbed nitrogen in wheat and mustard envisaged accumulation of NO 3 -N in vegetative parts when sulphur remained proportionately low. Application of sulphur hastened the chemical reduction of absorbed NO 3 - for its effective utilization. The effect was more pronounced in mustard than in wheat. Easily available forms of sulphur, like ammonium sulphate and gypsum, as compared to pyrite or elemental sulphur, maintained adequate N to S ratio in rice, resulting in a reduction in the percent of unfilled grain, a major consideration in rice yield. A narrow N to S ratio, with both at higher levels, increased the oil content but raised the saponification value of the oil, a measure of free fatty acids. Whereas, a proportionately narrow N to S ratio at moderate dose resulted in adequately higher seed and oil yield with relatively low saponification value, associated with increased iodine value of the oil, indicating respectively low free fatty acids and higher proportion of unsaturated fatty acids, an index for better quality of the oil.

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12805734&dopt=Abstract [PubMed - in process]

Retina. 1999;19(2):141-7.
Characterization of peroxidized lipids in Bruch's membrane.

Spaide RF, Ho-Spaide WC, Browne RW, Armstrong D.

LuEsther T. Mertz Retina Research Laboratory, Manhattan Eye, Ear, and Throat Hospital, New York, USA.

PURPOSE: To determine if peroxidized lipids occur in Bruch's membrane isolates and to characterize the type present in human necropsy specimens. METHODS: Bruch's membrane isolates from eye bank eyes obtained from 13 white donors were homogenized. Measurement of peroxidized lipids was done with the fluorometric thiobarbituric acid assay and high pressure liquid chromatography. RESULTS: Bruch's membrane isolate homogenates contained native unsaturated fatty acids and peroxidized lipids in a ratio of about 200:1. The amount of thiobarbituric acid reacting substances increased exponentially with age. The peroxidized lipids identified in Bruch's membrane isolates were derived from long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, particularly docosahexaenoic acid and linolenic acid, which are normally found in the photoreceptor outer segments. CONCLUSIONS: Lipids are known to accumulate in Bruch's membrane, an acellular layer with no known intrinsic mechanisms to combat lipid peroxidation. In related studies, lipid peroxides have been shown to induce neovascularization by inducing expression of a cascade of angiogenic cytokines. This is the first study to show that lipid peroxides, biological molecules that have the potential to incite new vessel growth, occur in Bruch's membrane. The increase in amount of peroxidized lipids with age, combined with their vasogenic potential, suggests that peroxidized lipids may play a role in the etiology of age-related macular degeneration, particularly choroidal neovascularization.

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=10213241&dopt=Abstract

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