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Fatty acids resources:

Fatty acids research abs 1 || Fatty acids research abs 2 || Fatty acids research abs 3 || Fatty acids research abs 4

Clin Chem. 2003 Jul;49(7):1149-53.
Distribution of 3-hydroxy fatty acids in tissues after intraperitoneal injection of endotoxin.

Szponar B, Krasnik L, Hryniewiecki T, Gamian A, Larsson L.

Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Weigla 12, 53-114 Wroclaw, Poland. szponaitd.pan.wroc.pl

BACKGROUND: 3-Hydroxy fatty acids (3-OH FAs) with 10- to 18-carbon chain lengths are constituents of the endotoxin [lipopolysaccharide (LPS)] of gram-negative bacteria. We investigated whether these FAs may be used as chemical markers in measuring endotoxin concentrations in mammalian tissue samples. METHODS: We used gas-liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry to measure 3-OH FAs in serum and tissues (heart, liver, and skeletal muscles) of rats after intraperitoneal injection of Escherichia coli LPS. One group of rats (group I) received a single LPS dose of 20 mg/kg of body weight; group II rats received the same total dose but over the course of 10 days (2 mg/kg each day). Rats receiving saline (group III) were used as controls. RESULTS: 3-OH FAs with chain lengths of 10, 12, 14, 16, and 18 carbons were detected in all studied types of samples. Group I rats had 50-fold and group II rats had 3-fold higher serum concentrations of 3-hydoxytetradecanoic acid (3-OH 14:0, the predominant 3-OH FA of E. coli LPS) than group III rats. Concentrations of 3-OH 14:0 in livers from group I and II rats were similar and fourfold higher than in group III rats, whereas concentrations of the same acid in skeletal and heart tissues did not differ among the three groups of rats. 3-OH 14:0 dominated in heart and liver of group III rats, whereas 3-OH 16:0 (followed by 3-OH 14:0) dominated in skeletal muscles and blood. CONCLUSIONS: 3-OH FAs 10-18 carbons in length, probably originating from endotoxin and mitochondrial beta-oxidation, are abundant in rat liver, skeletal muscles, and heart and can also be detected in blood. The widespread presence of these compounds in mammals limits their usefulness as LPS markers for endotoxin in clinical samples.

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12816912&dopt=Abstract

Genetik.Uni-Bielefeld.DE

Lipid A is the hydrophobic anchor of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria. Lipid A of all Rhizobiaceae is acylated with a long fatty acid chain, 27-hydroxyoctacosanoic acid. Biosynthesis of this long acyl substitution requires a special acyl carrier protein, AcpXL, which serves as a donor of C28 (omega-1)-hydroxylated fatty acid for acylation of rhizobial lipid A (Brozek, K.A., Carlson, R.W., and Raetz, C. R. (1996) J. Biol. Chem. 271, 32126-32136). To determine the biological function of the C28 acylation of lipid A, we constructed an acpXL mutant of Sinorhizobium meliloti strain 1021. Gas-liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry analysis of the fatty acid composition showed that the acpXL mutation indeed blocked C28 acylation of lipid A. SDS-PAGE analysis of acpXL mutant LPS revealed only a fast migrating band, rough LPS, whereas the parental strain 1021 manifested both rough and smooth LPS. Regardless of this, the LPS of parental and mutant strains had a similar sugar composition and exposed the same antigenic epitopes, implying that different electrophoretic profiles might account for different aggregation properties of LPS molecules with and without a long acyl chain. The acpXL mutant of strain 1021 displayed sensitivity to deoxycholate, delayed nodulation of Medicago sativa, and a reduced competitive ability. However, nodules elicited by this mutant on roots of M. sativa and Medicago truncatula had a normal morphology and fixed nitrogen. Thus, the C28 fatty acid moiety of lipid A is not crucial, but it is beneficial for establishing an effective symbiosis with host plants. acpXL lies upstream from a cluster of five genes, including msbB (lpxXL), which might be also involved in biosynthesis and transfer of the C28 fatty acid to the lipid A precursor.

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12566460&dopt=Abstract

Biochim Biophys Acta. 1999 Apr 12;1431(1):223-31.
Structural characterization, stability and fatty acid-binding properties of two French genetic variants of human serum albumin.

Minchiotti L, Kragh-Hansen U, Nielsen H, Hardy E, Mercier AY, Galliano M.

Dipartimento di Biochimica 'A. Castellani', University of Pavia, I-27100, Pavia, Italy.

Four bisalbuminemic, unrelated persons were found in Bretagne, France, and their variant and normal albumins were isolated by DEAE ion exchange chromatography, reduced, carboxymethylated and treated with CNBr. Comparative two-dimensional electrophoresis of the CNBr digests showed that three of the variants were modified in fragment CB4, whereas the fourth had an abnormal fragment CB1. These fragments were isolated, digested with trypsin and mapped by reverse-phase HPLC. Sequencing of altered tryptic peptides showed that the three variants modified in CB4 were caused by the same, previously unreported, amino acid substitution: Asp314-->Val (albumin Brest). The fourth, however, was a proalbumin variant with the change Arg-2-->Cys (albumin Ildut). Both amino acid substitutions can be explained by point mutations in the structural gene: GAT-->GTT (albumin Brest) and CGT-->TGT (albumin Ildut). The proalbumin Ildut is very unstable and already in vivo it is to a large extent cleaved posttranslationally to Arg-Albumin and normal albumin. Furthermore, we observed that during a lengthy isolation procedure the remaining proalbumin was changed to Arg-Albumin or proalbumin lacking Arg-6. In addition, part of normal albumin had lost Asp1. Gas chromatographic investigations using isolated proteins indicated that albumin Brest has improved in vivo fatty acid-binding properties, whereas the structural modification(s) of albumin Ildut does not affect fatty acid binding.

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=10209294&dopt=Abstract

J Anim Sci. 2003 Jun;81(6):1499-507.
Endocrine, blood metabolite, and meat quality changes in goats as influenced by short-term, preslaughter stress.

Kannan G, Kouakou B, Terrill TH, Gelaye S.

Agricultural Research Station, Fort Valley State University, Fort Valley, GA 31030, USA. govindaail.fvsu.edu

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of short-term, preslaughter stress on physiological responses and meat quality in goats of different age groups. The goats (n = 28) were classified into young (6 to 12 mo of age) and old (24 to 30 mo of age) groups, feed deprived overnight, and slaughtered at three different times (replicates). On each slaughter day, goats were either subjected to a 2-h transportation stressor (TS) or remained unstressed in holding pens (NS) before slaughter. Blood samples were collected via jugular venipuncture from TS and NS goats at 2, 1, and 0 h before slaughter. Muscle glycogen and pH were measured on samples from longissimus muscle (LM) collected at 15 min and 24 h postmortem, and instrumental measures of meat color were obtained on the LM after a 24-h chilling period at 4 degrees C. The TS goats had higher plasma cortisol (P < 0.01) and glucose (P < 0.05) concentrations than NS goats. The rates of increase in plasma cortisol, glucose, and nonesterified fatty acid concentrations were greater in TS than in NS goats (stressor treatment x blood sampling time, P < 0.01). Muscle glycogen concentrations were greater (P < 0.05) in NS than in TS goats and higher (P < 0.01) in old vs. young goats; however, pH measured at 15 min and 24 h postmortem was not (P > 0.05) influenced by stressor treatment. Water-holding capacity of meat was not (P > 0.05) influenced by stressor treatment. Older goats had lower (P < 0.01) L* values and greater (P < 0.01) a* and chroma values than the younger goats. The a* and chroma values of loin cuts from young goat carcasses were lower in the TS than NS treatment groups, but this effect was absent in the old goat carcasses (stressor treatment x age, P < 0.05). Cooking loss percentages and shear force values for loin chops aged for 7 d were not (P < 0.05) affected by stressor treatment; however, old goats produced tougher (P < 0.01) loin chops than young goats. These results indicate that short-term preslaughter transport can cause noticeable changes in stress responses and muscle metabolism in goats.

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12817498&dopt=Abstract [PubMed - in process]

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