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Fatty acids resources:

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J Lipid Res. 2002 Jun;43(6):895-903.
Enhanced solubilization and intestinal absorption of cholesterol by oxidized linoleic acid.

Penumetcha M, Khan-Merchant N, Parthasarathy S.

Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Nutrition and Health Sciences Program, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.

Solubilization of cholesterol in the intestinal lumen by bile acids and the subsequent formation of mixed micelles is an important step in the absorption of cholesterol. We propose that oxidized fatty acids (ox-FA) may mimic bile acids and form mixed micelles with cholesterol much more efficiently, as compared with unoxidized fatty acids, thereby increasing there absorption. In an in vitro assay at concentrations of 1, 5, and 10 mM, oxidized linoleic acid (ox-18:2) increased the solubilization of cholesterol (3.06, 8.16, and 15.46 nmol/ml) in a dose dependent manner compared with a 10 mM unoxidized linoleic acid (unox-18:2 at 0.97 nmol/ml). The uptake of cholesterol solubilized in the presence of ox-18:2 by Caco-2 cells and everted rat intestinal sacs was greater (1.78 and 1.95 nmol/ml respectively) as compared with the cholesterol solubilized in the presence of unox-18:2 (0.29 and 0.61 nmol/ml; P = 0.05). In addition, when LDL receptor deficient mice were fed a high fat diet along with ox-18:2 their plasma cholesterol levels were greater than animals fed the high fat diet alone (1290 mg/dl vs. 1549 mg/dl, P = 0.013). From these results, we suggest that ox-FA, by enhancing the solubilization of luminal cholesterol, increases the uptake of cholesterol that might lead to hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerosis.

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12032164&dopt=Abstract

J Invest Dermatol. 2002 Dec;119(6):1298-303.
Role of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha in epidermal development in utero.

Schmuth M, Schoonjans K, Yu QC, Fluhr JW, Crumrine D, Hachem JP, Lau P, Auwerx J, Elias PM, Feingold KR.

Departments of Medicine Dermatology, University of California San Francisco, California 94121, USA. matthias.schmutibk.ac.at

The protective function of the skin is mediated by the stratum corneum, the outermost layer of the skin, which is the end-product of epidermal differentiation. Previously, we showed that fetal rat skin explants complete the late-stage milestones of epidermal development when grown in a serum- and growth-factor-free medium, suggesting that endogenous metabolites could regulate the late program that leads to barrier formation. Because a variety of endogenous free fatty acids are known activators, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPAR-alpha) is a potential candidate for this key regulatory role. Indeed, whereas PPAR-alpha expression is first noted at gestational day 13.5 and peaks between days 14.5 and 15.5, fatty acid synthesis is very active in fetal rodent epidermis peaking at gestational day 17. Furthermore, we have reported that both epidermal differentiation and stratum corneum formation in utero are stimulated by pharmacologic activation of PPAR-alpha. This study was designed to test whether PPAR-alpha plays a physiologic role in epidermal differentiation and stratum corneum formation in utero. In PPAR-alpha-/- mice we observed delayed stratum corneum formation between day 18.5 of gestation and birth. Concurrently, there was diminished beta-glucocerebrosidase activity at the stratum granulosum-stratum corneum junction and a modest decrease in both involucrin and loricrin protein expression, markers of keratinocyte differentiation. Both the number of stratum corneum cell layers was reduced and the processing of the lamellar bilayers was delayed in animals lacking PPAR-alpha, indicating a transient functional defect. In contrast, the lamellar body secretory system as well as rates of epidermal proliferation and cell death appeared normal in PPAR-alpha-/- mice. These results indicate that PPAR-alpha plays a physiologic role during fetal stratum corneum development. The transient and incomplete nature of the developmental delay, however, is consistent with regulation of the late stages of epidermal development by multiple factors.

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12485431&dopt=Abstract

J Lipid Res. 2002 Jun;43(6):911-20.
Cloning and characterization of a mammalian fatty acyl-CoA elongase as a lipogenic enzyme regulated by SREBPs.

Matsuzaka T, Shimano H, Yahagi N, Yoshikawa T, Amemiya-Kudo M, Hasty AH, Okazaki H, Tamura Y, Iizuka Y, Ohashi K, Osuga J, Takahashi A, Yato S, Sone H, Ishibashi S, Yamada N.

Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan.

The mammalian enzyme involved in the final elongation of de novo fatty acid biosynthesis following the building of fatty acids to 16 carbons by fatty acid synthase has yet to be identified. In the process of searching for genes activated by sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1 (SREBP-1) by using DNA microarray, we identified and characterized a murine cDNA clone that is highly similar to a fatty acyl-CoA elongase gene family such as Cig30, Sscs, and yeast ELOs. Studies on the cells overexpressing the full-length cDNA indicate that the encoded protein, designated fatty acyl-CoA elongase (FACE), has a FACE activity specific for long-chains; C12-C16 saturated- and monosaturated-fatty acids. Hepatic expression of this identified gene was consistently activated in the livers of transgenic mice overexpressing nuclear SREBP-1a, -1c, or -2. FACE mRNA levels are markedly induced in a refed state after fasting in the liver and adipose tissue. This refeeding response is significantly reduced in SREBP-1 deficient mice. Dietary PUFAs caused a profound suppression of this gene expression, which could be restored by SREBP-1c overexpression. Hepatic FACE expression was also highly up-regulated in leptin-deficient ob/ob mice. Hepatic FACE mRNA was markedly increased by administration of a pharmacological agonist of liver X-activated receptor (LXR), a dominant activator for SREBP-1c expression. These data indicated that this elongase is a new member of mammalian lipogenic enzymes regulated by SREBP-1, playing an important role in de novo synthesis of long-chain saturated and monosaturated fatty acids in conjunction with fatty acid synthase and stearoyl-CoA desaturase.

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12032166&dopt=Abstract

J Lipid Res. 2002 Jun;43(6):936-43.
PPARalpha suppresses insulin secretion and induces UCP2 in insulinoma cells.

Tordjman K, Standley KN, Bernal-Mizrachi C, Leone TC, Coleman T, Kelly DP, Semenkovich CF.

Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.

Fatty acids may promote type 2 diabetes by altering insulin secretion from pancreatic beta cells, a process known as lipotoxicity. The underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. To test the hypothesis that peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARalpha) has a direct effect on islet function, we treated INS-1 cells, an insulinoma cell line, with a PPARalpha adenovirus (AdPPARalpha) as well as the PPARalpha agonist clofibric acid. AdPPARalpha-infected INS-1 cells showed PPARalpha agonist- and fatty acid-dependent transactivation of a PPARalpha reporter gene. Treatment with either AdPPARalpha or clofibric acid increased both catalase activity (a marker of peroxisomal proliferation) and palmitate oxidation. AdPPARalpha induced carnitine-palmitoyl transferase-I (CPT-I) mRNA, but had no effect on insulin gene expression. AdPPARalpha treatment increased cellular triglyceride content but clofibric acid did not. Both AdPPARalpha and clofibric acid decreased basal and glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. Despite increasing fatty acid oxidation, AdPPARalpha did not increase cellular ATP content suggesting the stimulation of uncoupled respiration. Consistent with these observations, UCP2 expression doubled in PPARalpha-treated cells. Clofibric acid-induced suppression of glucose-simulated insulin secretion was prevented by the CPT-I inhibitor etomoxir. These data suggest that PPARalpha-stimulated fatty acid oxidation can impair beta cell function.

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12032169&dopt=Abstract

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