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Pathogen research abs 1 || Pathogen research abs 2 || Pathogen research abs 3 || Pathogen research abs 4 || Pathogen research abs 5 || Hormone and endocrine research abs 1 || Hormone and endocrine research abs 2 || Hormone and endocrine research abs 3 || Hormone and endocrine research abs 4 || Hormone and endocrine research abs 5 || Follicle and follicular cells research abs 1

J Biol Chem. 2001 Feb 16;276(7):4543-8. Epub 2000 Nov 16.
Engineering a potential antagonist of human thyrotropin and thyroid-stimulating antibody.

Fares FA, Levi F, Reznick AZ, Kraiem Z.

Department of Biochemistry, Carmel Medical Center and the Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 34362 Israel. farectcom.co.il

Thyrotropin (TSH) and the gonadotropins (FSH, LH, hCG) are a family of heterodimeric glycoprotein hormones composed of two noncovalently linked subunits, alpha and beta. We have recently converted the hTSH heterodimer to a biologically active single chain (hTSHbeta.CTPalpha) by fusing the common alpha-subunit to the C-terminal end of the hTSH beta-subunit in the presence of a approximately 30-amino acid peptide from hCGbeta (CTP) as a linker. The hTSHbeta.CTPalpha single chain was used to investigate the role of the N-linked oligosaccharides of alpha- and beta-subunits in the secretion and function of hTSH. Using overlapping PCR mutagenesis, two deglycosylated variants were prepared: one lacking both oligosaccharide chains on the alpha-subunit (hTSHbeta.CTPalpha(1+2)) and the other lacking the oligosaccharide chain on the beta-subunit (hTSHbeta.CTPalpha(deg)). The single chain variants were expressed in CHO cells and were secreted into the medium. hTSH variants lacking the oligosaccharide chains were less potent than hTSHbeta.CTPalpha wild-type with respect to cAMP formation and thyroid hormone secretion in cultured human thyroid follicles. Both deglycosylated variants competed with hTSH in a dose-dependent manner. The hTSHbeta.CTPalpha(1+2) variant blocked cAMP formation and thyroid hormone secretion stimulated by hTSH as well as by the antibody, thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins, responsible for the most common cause of hyperthyroidism, Graves disease. Thus, this variant behaves as a potential antagonist, offering a novel therapeutic strategy in the treatment of thyrotoxicosis caused by Graves' disease and TSH-secreting pituitary adenoma.

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11083869&dopt=Abstract

J Biomed Sci. 2002 Nov-Dec;9(6):564-73.
Melanocyte destruction and repigmentation in vitiligo: a model for nerve cell damage and regrowth.

Yu HS.

Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC.

Melanocytes (MCs) are melanin-producing cells of the skin that are derived from neural crest cells. Vitiligo vulgaris is a common depigmentation disorder resulting from the destruction of functional MCs in the affected skin. The three prevailing pathomechanisms of vitiligo are the immune hypothesis, the neural hypothesis and the autocytotoxic hypothesis. None of these mechanisms has been conclusively proven. Melanoblasts (MBs) in the outer root sheath of the hair follicles are the reservoir cells for repigmentation. Recovery from vitiligo is initiated by activation and proliferation of these MBs, followed by upward migration to the nearby epidermis that forms perifollicular pigmentation islands. Migration, proliferation and differentiation of MCs and MBs are regulated by keratinocyte-derived factors and some coat color genes. Any therapy for vitiligo must explain not only the repopulation of MCs but also their functional development. In patients with vitiligo, MCs are destroyed in the skin, the eyes, and possibly the ears. However, the concept of vitiligo as a systemic disease will be clearly established only when the mechanisms involved in vitiligo are identified. Recent advances in the fields of neural crest cell culture and molecular genetics have opened new perspectives in the understanding of vitiligo. Not only will this result in better treatments for vitiligo patients, but possibly will also provide a key to triggering nerve cell regrowth in other nervous diseases. 2002 National Science Council, ROC and S. Karger AG, Basel

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12432222&dopt=Abstract [PubMed - in process]

An Esp Pediatr. 2000 Oct;53(4):318-23.
[Changes in gonadal function in post-pubertal male survivors of acute lymphoblastic leukemia and Hodgkin's disease]

[Article in Spanish]

Soriano Guillen L, Munoz Calvo MT, Pozo Roman J, Contra Gomez T, Buno Soto M, Argente Oliver J.

Secciones de Endocrinologia y Oncologia Pediatricas. Hospital Universitario Nino Jesus. Universidad Autonoma. Madrid.

AIM: To study gonadal function in male patients surviving acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) or Hodgkins disease (HD). PATIENTS AND METHODS: Thirteen postpubertal males were studied (Tanner stage V), 9 with ALL and 4 with HD, who had received polychemotherapy during the pre-puberal period. The control group was composed of 13 male volunteers of similar ages and with complete pubertal development. Testicular size, spermiogram, serum levels of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) before and after stimulus with gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), and serum testosterone levels were determined. The germinal epithelium was believed to be damaged when at least one of the following criteria was present: 1) oligospermia/azoospermia, 2) increase in serum FSH levels before or after GnRH, or 3) reduction in testicular volume. Lesions in Leydig's cells were thought to exist when serum testosterone levels were reduced or when serum LH levels, before or after stimulus, increased. RESULTS: Patients with HD presented clear alterations in germinal function and, to a lesser degree, in the function of Leydig's cells. Significant differences compared with the control group (p < 0.001) were found in peak FSH (19.7 +/- 18 vs 4.8 +/- 1.8 microUI/mL), peak LH (49.2 +/- 31 vs 33.4 +/- 10.0 microUI/mL), serum testosterone (4.1 +/- 0.6 vs 5.9 +/- 0.3 ng/mL) and testicular volume (16.6 +/- 2.8 vs 22.5 +/- 2.4 mL). Of the four patients with HD, three presented azoospermia and one oligospermia. No significant differences in any of the clinical or biochemical parameters studied were found in patients surviving ALL compared with the control group, but two of the nine patients studied presented oligospermia. CONCLUSIONS: The chemotherapy protocols used in the treatment of HD and ALL produced a high incidence of germinal cell damage and subclinical alterations in the Leydig's cell function in males with HD. In patients with ALL, the germinal line was only mildly affected. Prepubertal state does not protect the testes from the harmful effects of chemotherapy.

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11083980&dopt=Abstract

An Esp Pediatr. 2000 Oct;53(4):324-9.
[Evaluation of gonadal function in post-pubertal patients after bone marrow transplantation during childhood objective]

[Article in Spanish]

Perez Rodriguez MJ, Alonso Blanco M, Otheo De Tejada Barasoain E, Maldonado Regalado MA, Munoz Villa A, Barrio Castellanos R.

Unidad de Endocrinologia Pediatrica, Servicio de Pediatria, Hospital Ramon y Cajal, Madrid, Spain.

AIM: To evaluate the effect of bone marrow transplantation during childhood on gonadal function in postpubertal patients. METHODS: We studied 19 post-pubertal patients (13 males, 6 females) aged 13-20 years, 2-9 years after bone marrow transplantation for diverse diseases. Fifteen patients had received multi-agent cytotoxic treatment and 6 had received cranial irradiation prior to transplantation; eleven patients received total body irradiation. Gonadal function was assessed by typifying Tanner's stages of pubertal development and by measuring testicular volume in males (Prader's orchidometer). Serum concentrations of luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, testosterone and 17-beta-estradiol were also measured. RESULTS: Twelve patients were found to have gonadal dysfunction of gonadal origin. Of these, three had not received total body irradiation. CONCLUSIONS: The results obtained show that gonadal dysfunction is frequent in patients treated with bone marrow transplantation. This damage can be attributed to both chemo- and radiotherapy but a synergistic effect between these treatments could not be excluded. The prepubertal status of patients at the moment of transplantation was not a protective factor against chemo- or radiotherapy-induced gonadal damage in our series.

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11083981&dopt=Abstract

J Submicrosc Cytol Pathol. 2000 Apr;32(2):159-67.
Structure of lamina propria lymphoid follicles and associated epithelium in the gastric mucosa during Helicobacter pylori infection in ulcer-bearing Mongolian gerbils.

Wada R, Watanabe T, Nakagawa K, Higuchi K, Arakawa T, Kuroki T, Kaneda K.

Department of Anatomy, Osaka City University Medical School, Osaka, Japan.

To develop a gerbil model of Helicobacter pylori-induced chronic active gastritis comparable in severity to human lesions, we made acetic acid-induced ulcer in the anterior antral wall and concurrently challenged 1 x 10(8) colony-forming units bacteria per os. At 30 and 60 days after inoculation, the number of viable bacteria colonizing on the surface epithelium of the gastric mucosa was larger in ulcer-bearing animals compared to non-bearing ones. Furthermore, in the former animals, neutrophil and mononuclear cell infiltration as well as lymphoid follicle formation in the lamina propria was more prominent. Electron microscopically, lymphoid follicle-associated epithelium displayed specialized structures. Namely, brush cells interposed between mucous epithelial cells and characterized by prominent microfilament bundles and many apical vesicles or caveola specifically embraced the cluster of intraepithelially invading lymphocytes and macrophage-like cells by the attenuated cytoplasm in an analogous manner to M cells in Peyer's patches. The present study has demonstrated that ulcer formation enhances both H. pylori colonization and lamina propria lymphoid follicle formation and suggested that follicle-associated epithelium might play roles in the delivery of intraluminal antigen.

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11085204&dopt=Abstract

Hair loss is a problem in modern soceity. Examining the factors of hair growth may shed light on how hair loss might occur. How long can hair grow before it stops growing eventually if it does? Given that the hair growth rate is quite uniform and constant, somewhere between 0.3-0.5 millimeters per day, it's believed that the length of anagen, the growth phase, differs among individuals, and this is the major determinant to the maximum hair length. For some individuals, anagen may last ten years. Of course the length of the anagen is governed by genes, and the genetic background of the individuals. Non-genetic factors such as nutritional condition, weather, seasonal changes (hair may grow a bit faster during winter), taking medications, health condition may of course influence the rate of hair growth as well as hair loss. The shape of the hair, straight or curly, is dependent on the shape of the follicle. A circular or round hair follicle would generate straight hair, while the follicle with oval or elliptical shapes (in its cross-section) would produce a curly hair.

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