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Pathogen research abs 1 || Pathogen research abs 2 || Pathogen research abs 3 || Pathogen research abs 4 || Pathogen research abs 5 || Hormone and endocrine research abs 1 || Hormone and endocrine research abs 2 || Hormone and endocrine research abs 3 || Hormone and endocrine research abs 4 || Hormone and endocrine research abs 5 || Follicle and follicular cells research abs 1

Dis Aquat Organ. 2002 Aug 15;51(1):49-60.
Severe apicomplexan infection in the oyster Ostrea chilensis: a possible predisposing factor in bonamiosis.

Hine PM.

National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, Kilbirnie, Wellington, New Zealand. hineaf.govt.nz

Histological examination of 6455 oysters Ostrea chilensis from Foveaux Strait south of New Zealand over a 5 yr period showed >85% contained apicomplexan zoites, irrespective of season. Zoites occurred around the haemolymph sinuses and the digestive diverticulae at all intensities of infection; occurrence in the sub-epithelium, Leydig tissue and gills/mantle increased with increasing intensity of infection. Many (>35%) oysters were heavily infected, and most of them had severely damaged tissues. Heavy infections affected gametogenesis; 1% of lightly infected oysters had empty gonad follicles lacking germinal epithelium compared with 2% of moderately infected oysters and 9% of heavily infected oysters. Of oysters with empty gonad follicles, 75% were heavily infected with zoites. The parasite spread from the haemolymph sinuses and moved between Leydig cells, causing their dissociation and lysis. Some zoites were intracellular in Leydig cells. Lesions contained many haemocytes phagocytosing zoites, leading to haemocyte lysis and causing a haemocytosis. Fibrosis occurred to repair lesions in a few oysters. The zoites had a typical apical complex with 2 polar rings and 84 sub-pellicular microtubules. Prevalence and intensity of concurrent Bonamia exitiosus infection was related to the intensity of zoite infection, with only 3.8% of B. exitiosus infections occurring in the absence of zoites, 20.0% occurring in light zoite infections, 30.9% in moderate zoite infections, and 45.4% when oysters were heavily infected with zoites. The converse was not the case, as 75.3% of zoite infections occurred in the absence of B. exitiosus infection, including 51.1% of moderate to heavy zoite infections. There was a statistically significant association between intensities of B. exitiosus and of zoites (p < 0.0001). Zoites may increase the susceptibility of oysters to B. exitiosus by occupying and destroying haemocytes, and by destroying connective tissue cells and utilising host glycogen reserves. The parasite may be heteroxenous, with other stages in the terebellid polychaete Pseudopista rostrata.

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12240970&dopt=Abstract

Vet Res Commun. 2002 Aug;26(6):479-94.
Identification of functional alpha-adrenoceptor subtypes in the bovine female genital tract during different phases of the oestrous cycle.

Re G, Badino P, Odore R, Zizzadoro C, Ormas P, Girardi C, Belloli C.

Department of Animal Pathology, University of Turin, Italy. reter.unito.it

The concentration and functionality of the alpha-adrenoceptor (alpha-AR) subtypes in the genital tract of cyclic heifers were investigated. In each tissue sample, a single class of alpha1-ARs was observed, whereas two distinct classes of alpha2-ARs were discriminated: low-affinity (LA) and high-affinity (HA) alpha2-ARs. Statistical analysis showed the presence of significantly (p < 0.05) higher concentrations of all alpha-AR subtypes in the follicle than in the corpus luteum. No significant differences were found in the ovary or myometrium between the luteal and follicular phases. In the ovary, the density of alpha1-ARs was significantly (p < 0.05) higher than that of alpha2-ARs. By contrast, there were significantly (p < 0.05) more alpha2-ARs than alpha1-ARs in the myometrium. As far as alpha2-ARs are concerned, LA alpha2-ARs were significantly (p<0.05) higher than HA alpha2-ARs in all tested tissues. Competition studies suggested that the rank order of potency of antagonists for alpha1-ARs was prazosin > phentolamine > yohimbine, whereas for alpha2-ARs the order of potency was yohimbine > or = phentolamine>prazosin. Functional assays performed on myometrium showed that noradrenaline, phenylephrine and clonidine elicited concentration-dependent contractions only in dioestrus and pro-oestrus preparations and that clonidine was more effective than phenylephrine as a contractile agent. It appeared that there were no significant modifications in alpha-AR affinity or concentration during the different stages of bovine oestrous cycle, whereas the uterine spontaneous activity and the responsiveness to alpha-adrenergic stimulation was strongly influenced by hormonal levels. The modifications of uterine contractility observed during the oestrous cycle may be related to modifications induced in the transductional mechanisms of alpha-ARs.

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12241101&dopt=Abstract

Brain Res Bull. 2002 Sep 15;58(5):475-80.
In vivo modulation of follicle-stimulating hormone release and beta subunit gene expression by activin A and the GnRH agonist buserelin in female rats.

Gajewska A, Siawrys G, Bogacka I, Przala J, Lerrant Y, Counis R, Kochman K.

The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, Jablonna near, Warsaw, Poland.

The effects of separate and simultaneous recombinant bovine (rb) activin A and buserelin administration on the FSH release and pituitary FSH beta subunit gene expression in vivo were examined in ovariectomised, estradiol pretreated rats. The animals received a single injection of either rb activin A (50 ng), buserelin (1 micro g) or activin/buserelin (50 ng+1 micro g/0.1 ml PBS) into the jugular vein and were killed 30 min, 1, 3 and 5h later. Activin A stimulated FSH release and effect appeared 1h after injection (168% increase of controls) reaching a maximum at 3h (437% of controls). Activin A and buserelin exerted their effects with a distinct time courses: activin's stimulation was not so rapid when compared with buserelin. The simultaneous administration of rb activin A and buserelin amplified FSH release (118, 309, 1006 and 779% of controls). The low dose of activin A was sufficient to elevate FSH beta mRNA level as early as 3 and 5h after administration (170 and 140%, respectively). Activin plus buserelin stimulation resulted in a higher (340 and 360% of controls) FSH beta gene expression than after their separate administration. These results suggest that activin and buserelin may act independently and synergistically in the regulation of FSH release and beta subunit mRNA level.

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12242100&dopt=Abstract

Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2002 Sep 24;65(3):195-202.
Progressive transformation of germinal centers: review of histopathologic and clinical features.

Hicks J, Flaitz C.

Department of Pathology, Texas Children's Hospital and Baylor College of Medicine, MC1-2261, 6621 Fannin Street, Houston, TX77030-2399, USA. mjhickexaschildrenhospital.org

BACKGROUND: Although progressive transformation of germinal centers (PTGC) in lymph nodes was defined as an entity almost three decade ago, it is not well known to surgical and head and neck pathologists. PTGC may be mistaken for focal nodular lymphocyte predominant Hodgkin's Disease (NLPHD). OBJECTIVE: To review the histopathologic and clinical features of PTGC, and PTGC's relationship with lymphoid neoplasia in pediatric and adult populations. HISTOPATHOLOGIC FEATURES: PTGC occurs in 10-15% of enlarged lymph nodes with reactive follicular hyperplasia. PTGC is characterized as a nodule, which is three to five times the size of a typical reactive follicle, with mantle zone small B-cells infiltrating the residual germinal center. Epithelioid histiocytic clusters, immunoblasts, mononuclear cells, and eosinophils may also be present. Solitary or multiple nodules may be found. The immunophenotypes of both PTGC and NLPHD may be identical (CD45+, CD20+, CD15-, CD30-). The nodules in PTGC are relatively well defined, with those in NLPHD being more irregular. CLINICAL FEATURES: PTGC occurs in children (20%, mean age 11 years) and adults (80%, mean age 28 years), with a male predominance (3:1). PTGC is associated with Hodgkin's disease (HD) in 30-35% of patients. PTGC may precede, follow, or be concurrent with HD. Recurrent PTGC is more common in children (50 vs. 23%). Cervical lymph nodes account for almost 50% of cases, with oral cavity involvement also reported. CONCLUSION: PTGC occurs frequently in lymph nodes with reactive follicular hyperplasia, may resemble focal NLPHD, and has a nebulous association with NLPHD. PTGC is not considered a premalignant condition.

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12242134&dopt=Abstract

Cell Tissue Res. 2002 Oct;310(1):93-101. Epub 2002 Aug 10.
Follicular microvasculature in the porcine ovary.

Jiang JY, Macchiarelli G, Miyabayashi K, Sato E.

Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 1-1 Tsutsumidori-amamiyamachi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 981-8555, Japan. jianios.tohoku.ac.jp

The microvasculature of porcine ovaries, with special regard to the follicles in the interstitial-stromal tissue, was studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of vascular corrosion casts. Porcine ovaries displayed several coiled arteries in the hilus and many branches with small diameters and a tightly spiraling configuration in the cortical areas. However, small arterioles became straight before entering vascular complexes of follicles and finally divided into capillaries. Vascular baskets of various sizes (150-9,900 micro m in diameter) and architecture related to follicles in various developmental stages were observed in the ovarian cortex. Small follicles (150-300 micro m in diameter) began with a polygonal meshwork of a few large capillary meshes and developed to an obvious spherical microvascular network with a thin single layer of capillaries when reaching 500-700 micro m in diameter. The microvascular architecture of follicles 1,000-2,000 micro m in diameter developed further and had a three-layer vascular plexus. With a diameter of more than 2,000 micro m, the microvasculature of antral follicles was arranged as an inner vascular plexus of about 25 micro m, a middle plexus of about 100 micro m, and an outer capillary plexus of about 30 micro m in thickness. The present observations indicate that follicular vascular baskets of diverse sizes and architecture in various developmental stages support the gradual increase of follicular blood flow during follicle growth in the pig.

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12242488&dopt=Abstract

The average human scalp is covered by approximatey 100,000 hair follicles. Each hair undergoes hair cycle and normally 50-100 hairs randomly fall out a day, which is unnoticeable because lost hair is replaced by as many new hairs springing up daily. Hair loss results from the fall out of hair from the hair follicle. Alopecia or excessive, premature hair loss is the condition caused by many factors. Loss of hair itself does not pose critical health problems because biological role of human hair is relatively marginal. Hair on our scalp protects the head from mechanical shock, heat loss, and exposure to UV-light. The eyelashes and eyebrowes protect the eyes, and hair in the ear canal or the nasal passages help filter out particles and pathogens, thus protecting our internal organs. However, hair does play important social role: it is one of the major determinants of our appearance and identity in daily life. Fullness of hair also implicates or manifests physical integrity and youthfulness of the person. Losing hair could have more than just emotional impacts on individuals. The hair is a unique organ that goes through a characteristic cycle consisting of an immature phase, a growing phase called anagen, a transitional phase between the growing phase and the resting phase called catagen, and finally a resting phase called telogen in which the hair stops growing, waiting to fall out. 85-90% of hairs on our body are in anagen phase or growing phase, which lasts anywhere from two to five years. This phase is followed by a short regression phase, or catagen, which lasts 2-3 weeks. Approximately 1% of hair follicles are in catagen. Approximately 10-15% of hair follicles are in the resting phase, the telogen, which lasts about 3-5 months. Hair follicles typically goes through 10-20 asynchronous cycles during the lifetime. Persistent loss of more than 150 hairs would consist a state of hair loss, or alopecia, albeit it could be temporary.

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