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Ecotoxicology. 2002 Aug;11(4):255-64.
Effects of lead on 4-aminobiphenyl pharmacokinetics in liver, kidney, spleen, testes, heart, lung and hemoglobin adduct for rat model.

Chen HM, Qin T, Zhao LX, Xu XB.

Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing.

Lead affects almost every system in the body and 4-aminobiphenyl increases the incidence of bladder cancer among human exposed to aromatic amines, but little attention has been paid to the effects of lead (heavy metals) on the distribution and metabolic kinetics of 4-ABP (organic pollutants) in the organisms of the terrestrial ecosystems. In this study, male S.D. rats as model animals drinking tap water with and without lead with i.p. injection of 4-aminophenyl were used to study 4-aminobiphenyl pharmacokinetics with statistical analysis in three types of information systems: (1) hemoglobin adduct in the blood; (2) distribution concentrations in liver, kidney, spleen, testes, heart and lung; (3) relative weights of the six organs. Kinetic equations of 4-aminobiphenyl-hemoglobin adduct for two groups of rats drinking water with and without lead were all linear. Principal components were obtained based on three types of variants: (1) variants of distribution concentrations; (2) variants of relative weights; (3) variants of hemoglobin adduct, distribution concentrations and relative weights. Through a comparison of two groups of principal components, the result implied that lead changed 4-aminobiphenyl distribution kinetics in the six organs, had significant effects on the six organ relative weights, and had also significant effects on all thirteen variants as a whole. Correlation analysis of the principal components showed that lead could not significantly change the relation of hemoglobin adduct with time after dosing 4-aminobiphenyl. However, another result indicated that lead considerably improved the correlation between hemoglobin adduct and the thirteen variants as a whole. This implied that hemoglobin adduct could characterize all the thirteen variants as an index of 4-aminobiphenyl pharmacokinetics for the rats drinking water with lead, which conclusion was not suitable for the rats drinking water without lead. The research indicated that heavy metals existing in the organisms play an important role in the studies on pharmacotoxicology of organic pollutants. Frequently, various xenobiotics (heavy metals and organic pollutants) enter organisms simultaneously, therefore heavy metals should be considered comprehensively in the pharmacotoxicology of organic pollutants in animals in the terrestrial ecosystems theoretically and practically.

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12211698&dopt=Abstract

Ren Fail. 2002 Jul;24(4):505-10.
The influence of l-carnitine supplementation on hematocrit and hemoglobin levels in patients with end stage renal failure on CAPD.

Sotirakopoulos N, Athanasiou G, Tsitsios T, Mavromatidis K.

Renal Unit, General Hospital of Komotini, Greece.

The influence of L-carnitine supplementation on hematocrit (Hct) and hemoglobin (Hb) levels, in patients suffering from end stage renal disease (ESRD) on maintenance hemodialysis, are well known from several studies. The data concerning the serum levels of carnitine, in patients with ESRD on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) are contradictory, but most of them support that they are rather normal. In this study the effect of L-carnitine supplementation on Hct, and Hb levels were investigated in patients suffering from ESRD on CAPD. In the study 12 patients were included (5F, 7M), aged from 39 to 92 years old (median 65.5 years), who were on CAPD for more than 6 months (from 6 to 15 months, mean +/- SD = 8.6 +/- 3.6), with normal serum ferrum and ferritin levels at the beginning of the study. Two grams of L-carnitine/ day per os (Superamin, Vianex Hellas), were administered in all the patients and the serum ferrum levels were tried to be kept stable, by exogenous ferrum administration, during the study period. If the Hct levels were more than 36% per month the erythropoietin (rHuEpo) dose of the patient was decreased monthly at the half dose/week. The changes of Hct, Hb, ferrum and ferritin levels, as well as the Indice de Rigidite (IR) of the erythrocytes were recorded, before and after the first, second and third month of the study period. Finally, the rHuEpo dose/ patient was registered monthly before and during the study. During the observations, Hct (35.4 +/- 3.3 vs. 38.1 +/- 3.4, ANOVA, p < 0.03) and Hb levels (11.0 +/- 1.1 vs. 11.9 +/- 1, ANOVA, p < 0.01), were significantly increased. On the other hand, rHuEpo dose necessity/patient/week was decreased significantly (3,833 +/- 3326 vs. 1,292 +/- 1,712, ANOVA, p < 0.01), in order to succeed the target Hct level. Furthermore, red blood cells IR also appeared to have a significant decrease (16.6 +/- 7.4 vs. 13.0 +/- 3.9, paired t-test, p < 0.03). Finally, the ferrum and ferritin levels were stable during the study period. It was concluded, that in patients on, CAPD the per os L-carnitine supplementation decreased, the red blood cells IR which contributes to the: (a) Increase of Hct and Hb levels and (b) decrease of the patients rHuEpo dose/week.

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12212830&dopt=Abstract

Transgenic Res. 2002 Aug;11(4):425-35.
The use of the uromodulin promoter to target production of recombinant proteins into urine of transgenic animals.

Zbikowska HM, Soukhareva N, Behnam R, Chang R, Drews R, Lubon H, Hammond D, Soukharev S.

Plasma Derivative Department, Holland Laboratory, American Red Cross, MD 20855, Rockville, USA.

A uromodulin promoter has been isolated, sequenced, and used to generate two sets of transgenic mice for expression of the lacZ marker gene and for production of the human recombinant erythropoietin (rhEPO) in urine. We demonstrated that the 5.6-kb fragment of the uromodulin gene containing the 3.7-kb promoter area and, both the first exon and part of the second exon, were sufficient to provide kidney-specific expression of the lacZ gene. Histological analysis of the lacZ expression pattern revealed beta-galactosidase activity specifically in the thick limb of Henle's loop. However, due to random integration of the transgene, ectopic expression was detected in some transgenic lines. Analysis of the EPO-transgenic mice showed that rhEPO was secreted into the urine of founder mice (up to 6 ng/ml). We were able to breed and analyze only two sublines with a very low expression level of rhEPO (up to 260 pg/ml). All of our transgenic mice expressing rhEPO in urine developed disease symptoms similar to polycythemia in humans. These included a considerable increase in red blood cell counts, hemoglobin concentration, and hematocrit concomitant with severe thrombocytopenia, all of which were detected in the rhEPO-expressing mice. Although our model did not prove to be beneficial for commercial production of rhEPO, we concluded that the uromodulin promoter could be useful for expression of other important therapeutic proteins into the urine of transgenic animals.

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12212844&dopt=Abstract

Pediatr Dent. 2002 Jul-Aug;24(4):340-2.
Delivering supplemental oxygen during sedation via a saliva ejector.

Milnes AR.

angelmanguehaw.ca

Intraoperative oxygen supplementation to sedated children has been shown to prevent hemoglobin desaturations even in the presence of apnea during pediatric conscious sedation. Although many practitioners deliver supplemental oxygen via a nasal hood, this method is impractical and often unsuccessful if the child is a mouth breather, has moderate adenotonsillar hypertrophy or occasionally cries during treatment (at which time there will be mouth breathing). This paper describes a method in which the saliva ejector is used to deliver supplemental oxygen to sedated children while they are receiving dental treatment. The advantages of this method and suggestions for its successful application are also included.

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12212878&dopt=Abstract

J Gen Intern Med. 2002 Aug;17(8):588-95.
Preventive health care measures before and after start of renal replacement therapy.

Winkelmayer WC, Owen W, Glynn RJ, Levin R, Avorn J.

Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacoeconomics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass 02115, USA. wolfganost.harvard.edu

OBJECTIVE: To describe utilization of preventive health care measures in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), both in the year prior to onset of renal replacement therapy (RRT), and in the first year of RRT. METHODS: We identified a large cohort of patients with CKD in the New Jersey Medicaid and Medicare programs with fixed enrollment into the cohort at 1 year prior to RRT. We applied commonly used quality assurance instruments (Health Plan Employer Data and Information Set measures) and defined levels and correlates of use of preventive care measures before and after RRT. These included mammography, Pap smear testing, prostate cancer screening, diabetic eye exams, and glycosylated hemoglobin testing (HbA1c). We employed logistic regression models with adjustment for age, race, gender, comorbidity, timing of first nephrologist contact, socioeconomic status, and calendar year of first RRT. RESULTS: Overall, screening rates were low with the exception of diabetic eye exams. Prostate cancer screening, diabetic eye exams, and HbA1c testing were performed less often after onset of RRT compared to the year before (P < .05). Although screening rates before RRT improved considerably over the period of observation for these measures (P < .05), this was not the case once patients were on RRT. CONCLUSIONS: Preventive health care interventions remain underutilized among RRT patients. Greater attention to such preventive measures could lead to significant improvements in the health status of such vulnerable patients. Thus, quality improvement of the general health care for patients on RRT should become a priority in renal health policy.

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12213139&dopt=Abstract

Hair loss is a problem in modern soceity. Examining the factors of hair growth may shed light on how hair loss might occur. How long can hair grow before it stops growing eventually if it does? Given that the hair growth rate is quite uniform and constant, somewhere between 0.3-0.5 millimeters per day, it's believed that the length of anagen, the growth phase, differs among individuals, and this is the major determinant to the maximum hair length. For some individuals, anagen may last ten years. Of course the length of the anagen is governed by genes, and the genetic background of the individuals. Non-genetic factors such as nutritional condition, weather, seasonal changes (hair may grow a bit faster during winter), taking medications, health condition may of course influence the rate of hair growth as well as hair loss. The shape of the hair, straight or curly, is dependent on the shape of the follicle. A circular or round hair follicle would generate straight hair, while the follicle with oval or elliptical shapes (in its cross-section) would produce a curly hair.

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