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Drug News Perspect. 2001 Aug;14(6):325-34.
Hepatitis B virus transcription and replication.

Tang H, Banks KE, Anderson AL, McLachlan A.

Dept. of Cell Biology, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA.

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) replicates by the reverse transcription of the 3.5-kb viral pregenomic RNA. Therefore, the regulation of the transcription of the pregenomic RNA is a critical step in the viral life cycle. Various ubiquitous and liver-enriched transcription factors have been shown to modulate the level of RNA synthesis from the core promoter. The nuclear hormone receptors HNF4 and RXRalpha plus PPARalpha appear to have a critical role in governing pregenomic RNA synthesis from the core promoter in cell culture and probably represent a major determinant governing the hepatotropism of this virus. The level of 3.5-kb HBV RNA synthesis is approximately proportional to the level of viral replication in cell culture; however, this is not the case in the liver of HBV transgenic mice. Directly modulating the levels or activities of specific transcription factors known to regulate HBV transcription in cell culture can increase viral replication in HBV transgenic mice without greatly changing the levels of HBV transcripts. Various immune stimuli that alter transcription factor activities involved in regulating viral RNA synthesis can negatively affect viral replication without affecting HBV transcription. These observations suggest that in vivo very subtle changes in HBV transcription may contribute to large alterations, either negative or positive, in viral replication. Investigation of transcription factor-null HBV transgenic mice under various physiological conditions will be required to establish the putative role of specific transcription factors in regulating viral replication in vivo. (c) 2001 Prous Science. All rights reserved.

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12813595&dopt=Abstract [PubMed]

Health Bull (Edinb). 2000 Nov;58(6):457-66.
The boom that never was: results of a 10 year audit of paediatric growth hormone prescribing in Scotland.

Paterson WF, Donaldson MD, Greene SA, Kelnar CJ, Smail PJ.

Royal Hospital for Sick Children, Glasgow.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate trends in paediatric growth hormone (GH) prescribing in Scotland. DESIGN: Annual audit of paediatric GH patients, analysed by geographical distribution, diagnosis, age and duration of treatment, dosage, sex ratio and prescribing body. SUBJECTS AND SETTING: Paediatric patients receiving GH who attended the four tertiary referral centres in Scotland: Glasgow, Edinburgh, Dundee and Aberdeen, from 1990-1999. RESULTS: The annual total number of paediatric GH recipients ranged from 296-393. The maximum was recorded in 1994, with a progressive decline thereafter. The latest total (296, 1999) represents a 19% decrease since 1990. There is a marked disparity between these figures and projections published by the Scottish Office Clinical Research and Audit Group (CRAG) in 1990 of 500 patients in 1995 and 600 by 2000. CRAG postulated that GH would prove efficacious in a wider range of conditions, that the number of survivors of childhood cancer would increase and that GH therapy would continue following clinical trials. While there has been a relative increase in oncology survivors during the 10-year period, the overall decline in numbers is largely attributable to familial short stature patients in whom there has been a five fold decrease, following completion of clinical trials of GH. The number of children classified "idiopathic growth hormone deficient" has also decreased, as the overlap between this condition and normal variant short stature is increasingly recognised. CONCLUSION: This expensive drug is being used relatively conservatively in Scotland, in the light of research experience. While a small degree of ad hoc usage is inevitable, we strongly support participation in national trials wherever possible. The adoption of an open approach with the Scottish Office regarding GH usage has proved beneficial in alleviating fear of escalating costs and preventing prescribing problems in a country in which 98% of GH is prescribed by general practitioners.

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12813777&dopt=Abstract

Health Bull (Edinb). 2000 Sep;58(5):421-3.
Unmet need in osteoporosis.

Kerr H, Capell H.

Centre for Rheumatic Diseases, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, 84 Castle Street, Glasgow.

OBJECTIVE: To audit the management of females presenting to Accident and Emergency department with a diagnosis of low impact Colles fracture. DESIGN: Telephone questionnaire of 50 patients who attended A & E in 1998 with diagnosis of Colles fracture SETTING: Glasgow Royal Infirmary within North Glasgow catchment area. SUBJECTS: Women between 45-79 years of age who attended Accident and Emergency Department in 1998 with a diagnosis of low impact Colles fracture. RESULTS: Mean age was 63 years (range 44-78): ninety percent were post menopausal and 40% of the total group were smokers. Twenty six percent had a positive family history of osteoporosis, 24% had undergone hysterectomy and 88% took no part in any load bearing exercise. Ten percent (n = 5) were on treatment (1 alendronate, 3 etidronate with calcium, 1 hormone replacement therapy) CONCLUSION: A significant proportion of our study population have multiple risk factors for osteoporosis which are not being addressed. Raising awareness in orthopaedic surgeons, family doctors and patients is urgently required.

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12813798&dopt=Abstract

J Nutr. 1999 Apr;129(4):828-37.
Growth hormone promotes somatic and skeletal muscle growth recovery in rats following chronic protein-energy malnutrition.

Gautsch TA, Kandl SM, Donovan SM, Layman DK.

Division of Nutritional Sciences and the Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.

The efficacy of recombinant human growth hormone (GH) and/or a diet enriched in protein and energy to improve growth recovery following prolonged malnutrition was examined in male rats food-restricted from birth until 120 d of age. At d 121, restricted rats were randomly assigned to recovery groups receiving either a control or enriched diet with or without daily subcutaneous injections of GH. Rats were killed after 16 or 47 d of recovery. At d 16, GH treatment stimulated liver, heart, plantaris, soleus, carcass and body weight gain and inhibited fat gain when compared to recovery controls. Rats receiving GH also exhibited the highest serum insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) concentrations and total muscle protein. At d 47, GH effects on body and muscle recovery were minimal, and differences among recovery groups in serum IGF-I concentration and total muscle protein were no longer present. Consumption of an enriched diet increased fat pad and liver mass, but did not promote muscle recovery. There were no differences among treatment groups in skeletal muscle IGF-I mRNA levels at d 16 or 47. In summary, GH had positive effects on somatic and skeletal muscle growth early in the recovery process, possibly via endocrine IGF-I-stimulated protein accretion. In contrast, the enriched diet promoted fat deposition with no impact on skeletal muscle growth recovery.

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=10203557&dopt=Abstract

J UOEH. 2003 Jun 1;25(2):185-95.
Role of cyclooxygenase-2 in bone resorption.

Okada Y, Pilbeam C, Raisz L, Tanaka Y.

First Department of Internal Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Yahatanishi-ku, Kitakyushu 807-8555, Japan.

Prostaglandins (PGs) are abundant in bone and are potent regulators of bone cell function. Osteoblasts produce PGs, and this production is highly regulated by local and systemic factors. Bone resorption is a highly regulated process involving interactions of osteoclastic precursors with osteoblasts or stromal cells. Many factors that stimulate PGs production also stimulate resorption in organ and marrow culture. Cyclooxygenase (COX) is the rate-limiting enzyme in the conversion of arachidonic acid to PGs. There are two forms of COX, COX-1 and COX-2. COX-2 is an inducible primary-response or immediate early gene. COX-2 expression is induced by many factors through the transcriptional pathway in osteoblasts. Stimulated production of PGs by osteoblasts requires both the induction of COX-2 expression and the availability of arachidonic acid substrate. PGs are complex, potent regulators of bone cell function in vivo. PGE2, which may be the most important local eicosanoid in skeletal regulation, can stimulate resorption. We report that COX-2 expression and associated PG production are necessary for maximal resorption responses to 1,25 (OH)2D3 and parathyroid hormone (PTH). PGs can increase osteoclast formation by enhancing induction of the receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa B ligand (RANKL) expression in osteoblasts and enhancing the action of RANKL on osteoclast precursors by inhibiting granulocyte macropharge-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF). In vitro, PGE2 can stimulate the differentiation of both osteoblasts and osteoclasts, and the net balance of these two effects under physiologic or pathologic conditions in vivo is not yet clear. Our in vivo data suggest that a role for COX-2 in bone resorption may be most evident when bone resorption is accelerated. Some of the complexity of PG actions on bone can be explained by the multiplicity of receptors for PGs. There are at least four distinct receptors for PGE2 with differential signaling pathways that have not yet been fully elucidated. Further studies are needed to clarify the specific pathways of PGs action in bone. Once this is accomplished, it may be possible to identify therapeutic applications of manipulating PGs in skeletal disorders.

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12813861&dopt=Abstract

Loss of hair changes the appearance of a person, and the identity of the person in social context to a certain extent. Hair growth is a complex biological process, which has not yet been completely understood. A multitude of therapeutic measures, including drugs, surgery, and suppelements have been made available, and used. However, due to the diversity of the problems underlying hair loss, there is no single solution for all hair loss cases. Most of chemical drugs and hair transplantation surgeries are not free from varying degrees of undesirable side effects on health.

Hair Million is an alternative solution to hair loss problems. Albeit only anecdotally, it has demonstrated efficacy in the improvement for age-related hair thinning and hair loss for a significant fraction of people who take it as recommended. We do not know the mechanisms of action as to how Hair Million works to help stop hair loss, and promote hair growth. We only know by anecdotal observations. There has been no clinical trials nor placebo controlled statistical analysis.

DHEA is a natural hormone, and it is produced in our body by the adrenal glands. DHEA has been suggested to provide numerous potential benefits. DHEA (or dehydroepiandrosterone) is converted into androgens (male hormones) or estrogens (female hormones) in the cells.

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