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J Interferon Cytokine Res. 1999 Jan;19(1):85-8.
Serum levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor antibodies during IFN-alpha2a treatment of chronic hepatitis C.

Wada M, Miyoshi T, Fujimoto M, Kamimoto H, Kinugasa A, Sawada K, Shimoyama T.

Fourth Department of Internal Medicine, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Japan.

Twenty chronic hepatitis C patients with baseline levels of thyroid hormones, antithyroglobulin, and antimicrosomal antibodies within the normal range were monitored by thyroid testing during a 26-week treatment with interferon-alpha2a (IFN-alpha2a). The present study was aimed at retrospectively analyzing thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) receptor antibodies, employing stored serum samples obtained from these patients at baseline, at 12 weeks, and at the end of IFN-alpha2a treatment. Ten patients (group A) received IFN-alpha2a at a total dose of 474 million units (MU), and 10 patients (group B) at a total dose of 774 MU. None of the patients produced antithyroglobulin and antimicrosomal antibodies. Two patients in group A exhibited elevated TSH levels without free thyroid hormone alterations while on the treatment. At baseline, 1 patient in group A had a positive TSH binding inhibitory immunoglobulin, and 1 patient in group B was positive for thyroid-stimulating antibody at the end of treatment. Both patients remained euthyroid throughout the treatment. Treatment with IFN-alpha2a may infrequently induce the production of TSH receptor antibodies in chronic hepatitis C patients provided preexisting autoimmune thyroid disease is precluded.

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=10048772&dopt=Abstract

J Biol Chem. 1999 Mar 5;274(10):6667-77.
Competition between thyroid hormone receptor-associated protein (TRAP) 220 and transcriptional intermediary factor (TIF) 2 for binding to nuclear receptors. Implications for the recruitment of TRAP and p160 coactivator complexes.

Treuter E, Johansson L, Thomsen JS, Warnmark A, Leers J, Pelto-Huikko M, Sjoberg M, Wright AP, Spyrou G, Gustafsson JA.

Department of Biosciences at Novum, Karolinska Institute, S-14157 Huddinge, Sweden. eckardt.treutesb.ki.se

Transcriptional activation by nuclear receptors (NRs) involves the concerted action of coactivators, chromatin components, and the basal transcription machinery. Crucial NR coactivators, which target primarily the conserved ligand-regulated activation (AF-2) domain, include p160 family members, such as TIF2, as well as p160-associated coactivators, such as CBP/p300. Because these coactivators possess intrinsic histone acetyltransferase activity, they are believed to function mainly by regulating chromatin-dependent transcriptional activation. Recent evidence suggests the existence of an additional NR coactivator complex, referred to as the thyroid hormone receptor-associated protein (TRAP) complex, which may function more directly as a bridging complex to the basal transcription machinery. TRAP220, the 220-kDa NR-binding subunit of the complex, has been identified in independent studies using both biochemical and genetic approaches. In light of the functional differences identified between p160 and TRAP coactivator complexes in NR activation, we have attempted to compare interaction and functional characteristics of TIF 2 and TRAP220. Our findings imply that competition between the NR-binding subunits of distinct coactivator complexes may act as a putative regulatory step in establishing either a sequential activation cascade or the formation of independent coactivator complexes.

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=10037764&dopt=Abstract

Atherosclerosis. 1999 Feb;142(2):367-78.
Significance of skeletal muscle properties on fitness, long-term physical training and serum lipids.

Tikkanen HO, Hamalainen E, Harkonen M.

Department of Clinical Chemistry, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Finland. heikki.tikkanelc.fi

The percentage of slow-twitch (ST) fibers in a person's skeletal muscle, e.g. muscle fiber composition (ST-%), may have a significant impact on physical activity, fitness level, serum high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) concentration, and ultimately, on the risk of coronary heart disease (CHD). We studied the effect of a 12 month home-based exercise training program on skeletal muscle metabolic activity, serum lipids, and hormones in 12 healthy middle-aged men (sedentary men) with a low level of fitness and leisure-time physical activity (LTPA). Their parameters and changes in them were compared with 12 men of the same age with defined CHD and with two groups (15 each) of physically active men, who had either a high ST-% (high-ST-men) or a low ST-% (low-ST-men). In the sedentary men, CHD-patients and low-ST-men, the mean ST-% (42, 44, and 49%, respectively) was similar but was significantly higher in the high-ST-men (73%). The sedentary men whose LTPA mean was 34 and 19% of the mean of low-ST-men (mean of 2137 kcal/week) and high-ST-men (mean of 3845 kcal/week), respectively, increased their LTPA from a mean of 728-1526 kcal/week (P < 0.01). After training, we found an increase in serum HDL-C by 21%, (P < 0.01) and apo A-I by 36% (P < 0.01), and a decrease in serum LDL-C by 8%. The cholesterol/HDL-C ratio decreased by 17(% (P < 0.01) and the LDL-C/HDL-C ratio decreased by 22% (P < 0.01). Skeletal muscle lipoprotein lipase (LPL) activity increased by 65% (P < 0.001). Moreover, the increase in LPL as well as in HDL-C concentration tended to be more pronounced the higher the level was before training. The oxidative enzyme activity of alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase (KGDH) in skeletal muscle and the activity of carnitine palmitoyltransferase (CPT) in lipid metabolism increased, whereas glycolytic phosphofructokinase (PFK) did not change but the PFK to CPT ratio decreased, which was reflected as a decrease of lactate accumulation during exercise. Increase in CPT activity correlated significantly (r(s) = 0.81, P < 0.01) with the increase in HDL-C concentration. In all men (n = 54), the CPT activity correlated negatively with serum triglyceride concentration (r(s) = -0.34, P < 0.05) but positively with serum HDL-C concentration and ST-% (r(s) = 0.34, P < 0.05 and r(s) = 0.47, P < 0.01, respectively). In all healthy men, (n = 42) LTPA correlated with both Vo2max, and ST-% (r(s) = 0.76, P < 0.001 and r(s) = 0.54, P < 0.001, respectively) and with serum HDL-C and apo A-I concentrations (r(s) = 0.35, P < 0.05 and r(s) = 0.54, P < 0.001, respectively). Serum sex hormones did not show significant associations with serum lipids, but in sedentary men, serum total and free testosterone as well as the ratio of free testosterone to free estradiol decreased significantly after training. These findings confirm the pronounced effects of a home-based exercise training program on CHD risk factors and they underline the importance of considering skeletal muscle properties when studying serum lipids and lipoproteins and their modifications in the field of health-related fitness and physical activity.

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=10030388&dopt=Abstract

Am J Chin Med. 2002;30(4):533-41.
Isocupressic acid blocks progesterone production from bovine luteal cells.

Wu LS, Chen JC, Sheu SY, Huang CC, Kuo YH, Chiu CH, Lian WX, Yang CJ, Kaphle K, Lin JH.

Department of Animal Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China.

The needles of ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Laws.) were reported to induce abortions when fed to late-term pregnant beef cows in North America. An in vivo study of pregnant cows suggested that isocupressic acid (IA) was the main abortifacient isolated from needles and bark of the pine. However, the mechanism of abortifacient activity of IA is not clear yet. In a pregnant cow, the corpus luteum of the ovary helps the maintenance of pregnancy by its progesterone production. This study involved the IA extracted from the root of the Taiwan cypress (Juniperus formosana) and used a frozen-thawed bovine luteal cell culture system to investigate the action of IA on progesterone production. Thawed bovine luteal cells (1 x 10(5) cells/ml/well) in M199 medium were cultured in 24-well culture plates at 37 degrees C in a 5% CO2 incubator. Ten ml of tested drugs, IA at 1 to 1000 ng/ml and/or ovine luteinizing hormone (oLH) at 1 to 100 ng/microl or 8-bromo-cyclic adenosine monophosphate (8-Br-cAMP) with 0.1-10 mM, were added into each well. After 4 hours of incubation, the media were harvested and assayed for progesterone by an enzyme immunoassay. Progesterone production from cells was the indicator used to evaluate the action of IA. All tested doses of IA significantly inhibited progesterone production in both basal and oLH stimulating conditions. Also those dosages inhibited cyclic adenosine-3',5'- monophosphate (cAMP) stimulation, suggesting a post-cAMP mechanism is involved in the IA action. We concluded that IA can induce pregnant cows to abort partly through blocking luteal function and may be identified as a new abortifacient chemical.

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12568280&dopt=Abstract

Br J Surg. 1999 Jan;86(1):91-3.
Pathology and outcome of surgical treatment for lithium-associated hyperparathyroidism.

Abdullah H, Bliss R, Guinea AI, Delbridge L.

Endocrine Surgical Unit, University of Sydney, Royal North Shore Hospital, New South Wales, Australia.

BACKGROUND: Hyperparathyroidism associated with long-term lithium therapy is well described. However, few studies have clearly defined the pathological findings or looked at the outcome of surgical treatment. METHODS: The study was a retrospective review of 11 patients with bipolar affective disorder who had surgery for lithium-associated hyperparathyroidism. RESULTS: Twelve patients were identified who had received lithium therapy, of whom 11 (nine women and two men, aged 46-84 (mean 65) years) had prolonged treatment from 2 to 30 (mean 15.3) years. At operation a single adenoma was identified in six patients, whereas multigland disease was seen in five patients. All patients resumed lithium treatment after operation. One patient had recurrent hyperparathyroidism at 3 years, while another had an increased serum level of parathyroid hormone in the presence of a normal serum calcium level after 1 year. CONCLUSION: Hyperparathyroidism associated with lithium may be due to either parathyroid hyperplasia or adenoma. Observations in the present study supported a true cause and effect relationship. Routine bilateral neck exploration should be performed because of a relatively high frequency of multigland involvement. However, parathyroid resection should be limited to evident disease.

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=10027368&dopt=Abstract

The average human scalp is covered by approximatey 100,000 hair follicles. Each hair undergoes hair cycle and normally 50-100 hairs randomly fall out a day, which is unnoticeable because lost hair is replaced by as many new hairs springing up daily. Hair loss results from the fall out of hair from the hair follicle. Alopecia or excessive, premature hair loss is the condition caused by many factors. Loss of hair itself does not pose critical health problems because biological role of human hair is relatively marginal. Hair on our scalp protects the head from mechanical shock, heat loss, and exposure to UV-light. The eyelashes and eyebrowes protect the eyes, and hair in the ear canal or the nasal passages help filter out particles and pathogens, thus protecting our internal organs. However, hair does play important social role: it is one of the major determinants of our appearance and identity in daily life. Fullness of hair also implicates or manifests physical integrity and youthfulness of the person. Losing hair could have more than just emotional impacts on individuals. The hair is a unique organ that goes through a characteristic cycle consisting of an immature phase, a growing phase called anagen, a transitional phase between the growing phase and the resting phase called catagen, and finally a resting phase called telogen in which the hair stops growing, waiting to fall out. 85-90% of hairs on our body are in anagen phase or growing phase, which lasts anywhere from two to five years. This phase is followed by a short regression phase, or catagen, which lasts 2-3 weeks. Approximately 1% of hair follicles are in catagen. Approximately 10-15% of hair follicles are in the resting phase, the telogen, which lasts about 3-5 months. Hair follicles typically goes through 10-20 asynchronous cycles during the lifetime. Persistent loss of more than 150 hairs would consist a state of hair loss, or alopecia, albeit it could be temporary.

DHEA is a natural hormone, and it is produced in our body by the adrenal glands. DHEA has been suggested to provide numerous potential benefits. DHEA (or dehydroepiandrosterone) is converted into androgens (male hormones) or estrogens (female hormones) in the cells. Our bodies produce decreasing amount of DHEA as we get older. various health benefits: To deter aging, improve sexual function/erectile dysfunction, treat cognitive decline, enhance athletic performance, facilitate weight loss, improve strength, prevent osteoporosis, enhance immunomodulation for rheumatic conditions, and treat depression.

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