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Pathogen research abs 1 || Pathogen research abs 2 || Pathogen research abs 3 || Pathogen research abs 4 || Pathogen research abs 5 || Hormone and endocrine research abs 1 || Hormone and endocrine research abs 2 || Hormone and endocrine research abs 3 || Hormone and endocrine research abs 4 || Hormone and endocrine research abs 5





Toxicol Lett. 1999 Jan 11;104(1-2):27-33.
Cadmium affects the episodic luteinizing hormone secretion in male rats: possible age-dependent effects.

Lafuente A, Marquez N, Piquero S, Esquifino AI.

Laboratorio de Toxicologia, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Vigo, Campus de Orense, Las Lagunas, Spain. lafuentvigo.es

Cadmium affects luteinizing hormone (LH) secretion through unknown mechanisms. The present study was undertaken to assess whether chronic exposure to low concentrations of cadmium may affect the episodic secretion of LH and if these effects are age-dependent. Male rats were given cadmium at a dose of 50 ppm in the drinking water, from day 30 to 60 or from day 60 to 90 of life. Age-matched rats with access to cadmium-free water were used as controls. At the end of the treatment, blood samples were collected every 7 min for 3 h, from 10:30 to 13.30 in conscious, freely moving rats. In control animals, mean serum LH levels and pulse duration increased with age (P < or = 0.001), and pulse frequency and the relative amplitude of LH pulses decreased (P < or = 0.001). Cadmium administration, from day 30 to 60 of life, decreased the pulse frequency and mean half-life of the hormone (P < or = 0.05, P < or = 0.01, respectively). However, no changes in any other parameters studied were observed as compared to the control group. When cadmium was administered from day 60 to 90, mean serum LH levels and the duration of LH pulses decreased (P < or = 0.05), whereas the pulse frequency increased (P < or = 0.05). The absolute and relative amplitude of the LH peaks and the mean half-life of the hormone were not changed after cadmium administration from day 60 to 90. These results indicate that low doses of cadmium change the pulsatile secretion of LH in male rats and that the effect of cadmium on episodic LH release was age-dependent.


online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=10048746&dopt=Abstract



Proteins. 1999 Feb 1;34(2):184-96.
Homology model of juvenile hormone esterase from the crop pest, Heliothis virescens.

Thomas BA, Church WB, Lane TR, Hammock BD.

Department of Entomology, University of California, Davis 95616, USA.

Juvenile Hormone Esterase (JHE) plays an essential role in the development of insects since it is partially responsible for clearing juvenile hormone (JH), one of the hormones that is responsible for insect metamorphosis. JHE is a 60 kDa enzyme that selectively hydrolyzes the alpha/beta unsaturated ester of JH. Because of its pivotal role in insect development, we have targeted JHE for use as a biopesticide. In this study, we have constructed a homology-based molecular model of JHE from the agricultural crop pest, Heliothis virescens. JHE is a member of the alpha/beta hydrolase fold family of enzymes and was built according to two structures in the same family: acetylcholinesterase from Torpedo californica and lipase from Geotrichum candidum. Analysis of the active site region reveals extensive conservation between JHE and its templates. A surprise was the presence of a conserved Ser near the catalytic triad. Docking of JH III into the active site has provided insight into protein-substrate interactions that are corroborated by experimental observation. The model is being used as a predictive basis to design biopesticides. In this regard, we have identified a site on the protein surface that is suggestive of a recognition site for the putative JHE receptor.


online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=10022354&dopt=Abstract



Endocr Res. 2002 Nov;28(4):387-94.
Regulation of steroid hormone biosynthesis in R2C and MA-10 Leydig tumor cells: role of the cholesterol transfer proteins StAR and PBR.

Rao RM, Jo Y, Babb-Tarbox M, Syapin PJ, Stocco DM.

Department of Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA.

The MA-10 mouse Leydig tumor cell line produces large amounts of steroids only in response to hormonal stimulation while the R2C rat Leydig tumor cell line is constitutively steroidogenic in nature. In an effort to uncover the potential reasons for constitutive steroidogenesis in R2C cells, we have recently shown that compared to MA-10 cells, R2C cells express much higher levels of the Scavenger Receptor Class B type 1 which results in a higher capacity for cholesteryl ester uptake through the selective uptake pathway. We also found an enhanced expression of Hormone Sensitive Lipase and the Steroidogenic Acute Regulatory protein in these cells and reasoned that they may further facilitate the conversion of cholesteryl esters to free cholesterol and its mobilization to the inner mitochondrial membrane, thus rendering them constitutively steroidogenic. Given the proposed role of the peripheral-type benzodiazepine receptor (PBR) in conferring a constitutively steroidogenic phenotype to the R2C cells, the current study was conducted to investigate the relationship between its expression in MA-10 and R2C cells and correlate it with the constitutive nature of R2C cell steroidogenesis. Our studies show that PBR expression as measured by PK 11195 ligand binding and Western analysis is much higher in MA-10 cells than R2C cells. We also determined that the affinity of ligand binding to the PBR is comparable in the two cell lines, suggesting that PBR is unlikely to be solely responsible for the constitutive nature of R2C cell steroidogenesis.


online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12530640&dopt=Abstract



Arch Pharm Res. 2003 Jan;26(1):53-7.
Ginsenoside Rc and Re stimulate c-fos expression in MCF-7 human breast carcinoma cells.

Lee YJ, Jin YR, Lim WC, Ji SM, Cho JY, Ban JJ, Lee SK.

College of Engineering, Institute of Biotechnology, Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Sejong University, Seoul, Korea. yjleejong.ac.kr

We have found that ginsenoside Rc and Re induce c-fos in MCF-7 human breast carcinoma cells at both the mRNA and protein levels. However, neither ginsenoside activated the expression of reporter gene under the control of AP-1/TPA response elements. We have also examined the possibility that ginsenoside Rc and Re act by binding to intracellular steroid hormone receptors that act as transcriptional factors in the nucleus in inducing c-fos mRNA in MCF7 human breast carcinoma cells. However, ginsenoside Rc and Re did not bind to glucocorticoid, androgen, estrogen, or retinoic acid receptors as examined by the transcription activation of the luciferase reporter genes in CV-1 cells that were transiently transfected with the corresponding steroid hormone receptors and hormone responsive luciferase reporter plasmids. These data demonstrate that ginsenoside Rc and Re act via other transcription factors and not via estrogen receptor in c-Fos expression.


online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12568359&dopt=Abstract



Calcif Tissue Int. 1999 Mar;64(3):239-47.
Calcitonin simultaneously regulates both periosteal hyperostosis and trabecular osteopenia in the spinal hyperostotic mouse (twy/twy) in vivo.

Okawa A, Goto S, Moriya H.

Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Chiba University School of Medicine, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo, Chiba, Chiba, 260 Japan.

The twy (tiptoe-walking-Yoshimura) mouse, established in Japan in 1978 by brother-sister mating of ICR strain mice, is a valuable mutant as a model of ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament (OPLL). OPLL causes severe myelopathy and has been thought to be very similar to ankylosing spinal hyperostosis (ASH) and diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis (DISH). In the twy mouse, both an increase in vertebral cortical membranous bone formation and a decrease in trabecular bone mass due to accelerated bone resorption occur simultaneously. This process is attributed to an inherited autosomal recessive single gene (twy). Calcitonin's suppression of bone resorption has been well established in the past, whereas the effects of this hormone on bone formation remain to be defined. Of particular interest is the simultaneous action of calcitonin on the abnormally accelerated bone formation and resorption. Thirty twy mice and 14 ICR mice were divided into seven groups, and changes induced by calcitonin on vertebral cortical appositional rate and on trabecular bone mass were investigated histomorphometrically. Results were (1) osteoclastic activity on trabecular surface was clearly suppressed by chicken calcitonin injected subcutaneously for 4 weeks; (2) no significant difference between the lumbar vertebral periosteal bone formation of calcitonin (CA) and vehicle-administrated twy mice groups. However, on the periosteal surface of the cervical vertebrae of the 6-week-old twy mice, the abnormally accelerated bone formation was suppressed by CA administration. This was also true for the elderly twy mice, although the effect was less pronounced. In conclusion, CA suppressed the abnormally hyperactivated periosteal bone formation. Results also suggested a possible therapeutic value of CA for OPLL.


online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=10024383&dopt=Abstract







Natural Herbal Supplement: Hair Million


Hair loss alone does not pose significant health problems. In fact, there are people who opt for baldness as an alternative hair style. However, in general, however, hair loss is not considered desirable.

The most ostensive feature that distinguishes us human from chimps and other primates is the lack of bodily hair. During evolutionary process, we have lost the majority of hair. Hair is no longer a biologically essential part of our body, just like appendix. The hair we still have on our scalp and a few other bodily parts is still regarded as significant for reasons other than biological necessity. Hair loss is naturally accompanied by aging process, although the extent of hair loss and the timing of onset vary widely among individuals. Thus, loss of hair and baldness is considered as a symbol of maturity or old age. Like winkles and other signs of aging, hair loss is not welcome by most people, because we don't welcome aging, and being perceived as an aging person. However, it is alopecia, or premature hair loss that especially concerns certain people.

While the hair loss and resulting baldness in general have not been proven to be related to underlying health problems, there are certain correlations between hair loss and health problems. For instance, premature hair loss could suggest premature aging or nutritional and hormonal imbalance, stressful life, use of drugs that cause hair loss as a side effect, skin disease, or heart disease. The balding appearance could also impart a subdued impression of integrity in bodily health and youthfulness.












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