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Pathogen research abs 1 || Pathogen research abs 2 || Pathogen research abs 3 || Pathogen research abs 4 || Pathogen research abs 5 || Hormone and endocrine research abs 1 || Hormone and endocrine research abs 2 || Hormone and endocrine research abs 3 || Hormone and endocrine research abs 4 || Hormone and endocrine research abs 5

Ann Surg. 1999 Feb;229(2):255-61.
Effects of soybean oil emulsion and eicosapentaenoic acid on stress response and immune function after a severely stressful operation.

Furukawa K, Tashiro T, Yamamori H, Takagi K, Morishima Y, Sugiura T, Otsubo Y, Hayashi N, Itabashi T, Sano W, Toyoda Y, Nitta H, Nakajima N.

First Department of Surgery, Chiba University School of Medicine, Japan.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of soybean oil emulsion and oral or enteral administration of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) on stress response, cytokine production, protein metabolism, and immune function after surgery for esophageal cancer. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: It has been reported that safflower oil, rich in n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid (n-6 PUFA), affects the survival rate of septic animals and decreases the immune function. It has also been reported that the administration of fish oil, in contrast, reduces these stress responses and stress-induced immunosuppression. In humans, the effects of soybean oil emulsion and the administration of EPA on stress response and immune function after surgery have not been established. METHODS: Patients who underwent esophagectomy with thoracotomy were divided into three groups. Seven patients were fed by total parenteral nutrition (TPN) with soybean oil emulsion, which accounted for 20% of total calories. Seven patients were given oral or enteral administration of 1.8 g/day EPA, in addition to TPN with soybean oil emulsion. Nine patients served as the control group; these patients received fat-free TPN. Serum interleukin-6 (IL-6), C-reactive protein, concanavalin A (con A)- or phytohemagglutinin (PHA)-stimulated lymphocyte proliferation, natural killer cell activity, and stress hormones were measured. RESULTS: The postoperative level of serum IL-6 was significantly higher in the group receiving soybean oil emulsion than in the fat-free group. Oral or enteral supplementation of EPA with soybean oil emulsion significantly reduced the level of serum IL-6 compared with the patients receiving soybean oil emulsion. Con A- or PHA-stimulated lymphocyte proliferation decreased significantly on postoperative day 7 in all groups of patients. The supplementation of EPA with soybean oil emulsion significantly improved the lymphocyte proliferation and natural killer cell activity on postoperative day 21 compared with the group receiving soybean oil emulsion. CONCLUSIONS: Soybean oil emulsion amplifies, and the supplementation of EPA reduces, the stress response and stress-induced immunosuppression.

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=10024108&dopt=Abstract

Thyroid. 1999 Jan;9(1):53-9.
Regulation of Na/K-ATPase gene expression by thyroid hormone and hyperkalemia in the heart.

Yalcin Y, Carman D, Shao Y, Ismail-Beigi F, Klein I, Ojamaa K.

Department of Pediatrics, North Shore University Hospital, NYU School of Medicine, Manhasset, New York 11030, USA.

Hypothermic hyperkalemic circulatory arrest has been widely used for myocardial protection during heart surgery. Recent data showed that administration of triiodo-L-thyronine (T3) postoperatively enhanced ventricular function. The effect of hyperkalemic arrest in conjunction with thyroid hormone on the plasma membrane enzyme sodium/potassium-adenosine triphosphatase (Na/K-ATPase), was determined in cultured neonatal rat atrial and ventricular myocytes. Exposure of ventricular myocytes to hyperkalemic medium (50 mM KCl) in the absence of T3 increased expression of the Na/K-ATPase catalytic subunit mRNAs, alpha1 and alpha3 isoforms, by 1.9- and 1.5-fold, respectively (p<0.01), which were accompanied by similar increases (1.4- and 1.8-fold) in protein content. Addition of T3 to the hyperkalemic cultures attenuated these increases in Na/K-ATPase mRNA isoforms to levels of expression observed in cells treated with T3 (10(-8) M) alone. Similarly, expression of the alpha1 mRNA isoform in atrial myocytes was increased (p<0.05) by hyperkalemic conditions, and T3 treatment attenuated this effect. In contrast, although expression of the Na/K-ATPase beta1 mRNA in both atrial and ventricular myocytes was significantly increased by hyperkalemia, addition of T3 did not prevent the hyperkalemic response, and in atrial myocytes T3 significantly increased beta1 mRNA expression 1.8-fold. These results show that expression of cardiac Na/K-ATPase is regulated by T3 and hyperkalemia in an isoform and chamber specific manner, and suggest that use of hyperkalemic cardioplegia during heart surgery may alter plasma membrane ion function.

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=10037077&dopt=Abstract

Pediatrics. 1999 Mar;103(3):E37. ["Cited in Books","window.top.location='/entrez/query.fcgi?tool=pmcited&cmd=search&db=books&term=10049993[pmid]'","",""],
Growth failure after treatment of pediatric brain tumors.

Clarson CL, Del Maestro RF.

Department of Pediatrics, Clinical Research Unit, Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences, Children's Hospital of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.

OBJECTIVES: Primary brain tumors are the most common solid tumors that occur in childhood. With improved management of these tumors, there are more survivors with long-term sequelae of radiation and chemotherapy including growth failure. The aim of this study was to assess growth prospectively in children with nonpituitary-related primary brain tumors. METHODS: Forty-one children 3.1 to 13.8 years of age diagnosed consecutively between 1989 and 1992 with a primary nonpituitary-related brain tumor were studied. RESULTS: Of 34 prepubertal children, 14 (41%) were diagnosed as having growth hormone (GH) deficiency. All 14 children were treated with cranial irradiation. During the first year from completion of brain tumor therapy, the annual height velocity of those children confirmed subsequently as being GH-deficient was 3.06 +/- 1.19 cm compared with 5.29 +/- 2.21 cm for those who were not GH-deficient. During the second year, the annual height velocity was 3.29 +/- 1.14 cm per year for the GH-deficient group compared with 5.48 +/- 1.24 cm per year for the non-GH-deficient group. All children with GH deficiency received cranial irradiation and chemotherapy. Two of 34 children developed precocious puberty. Primary hypothyroidism was diagnosed in 6 of 41 children (12%). CONCLUSION: We conclude that GH deficiency and primary hypothyroidism are common after cranial irradiation and chemotherapy for nonpituitary-related brain tumors. Linear growth appears to reflect GH status accurately in children with brain tumors. Precise auxologic evaluation is simple and noninvasive and may reflect more accurately GH status than provocative GH testing. These findings reflect the need for prospective growth monitoring of children with nonpituitary-related brain tumors treated with cranial irradiation and chemotherapy. Early diagnosis of GH deficiency facilitates early initiation of GH therapy and optimization of final height.

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=10049993&dopt=Abstract

Z Rheumatol. 1998;57 Suppl 2:81-7.
Secretory pattern of GH, TSH, thyroid hormones, ACTH, cortisol, FSH, and LH in patients with fibromyalgia syndrome following systemic injection of the relevant hypothalamic-releasing hormones.

Riedel W, Layka H, Neeck G.

Klinik fur Rheumatologie am Klinikum, Justus-Liebig-Universitat Giessen, Bad Nauheim, Germany.

To study the hormonal perturbations in FMS patients we injected sixteen FMS patients and seventeen controls a cocktail of the hypothalamic releasing hormones: Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH), and Luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) and observed the hormonal secretion pattern of the pituitary together with the hormones of the peripheral endocrine glands. We found in FMS patients elevated basal values of ACTH and cortisol, lowered basal values of insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) and of triiodothyronine (T3), elevated basal values of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and lowered basal values of estrogen. Following injection of the four releasing-hormones, we found in FMS patients an augmented response of ACTH, a blunted response of TSH, while the prolactin response was exaggerated. The effects of LHRH stimulation were investigated in six FMS patients and six controls and disclosed a significantly blunted response of LH in FMS. We explain the deviations of hormonal secretion in FMS patients as being caused by chronic stress, which, after being perceived and processed by the central nervous system (CNS), activates hypothalamic CRH neurons. CRH, on the one hand, activates the pituitary-adrenal axis, but also stimulates at the hypothalamic level somatostatin secretion which, in turn, causes inhibition of GH and TSH at the pituitary level. The suppression of gonadal function may also be attributed to elevated CRH by its ability to inhibit hypothalamic LHRH release, although it could act also directly on the ovary by inhibiting FSH-stimulated estrogen production. We conclude that the observed pattern of hormonal deviations in FMS patients is a CNS adjustment to chronic pain and stress, constitutes a specific entity of FMS, and is primarily evoked by activated CRH neurons.

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=10025090&dopt=Abstract

Gen Comp Endocrinol. 2003 Feb 1;130(2):129-34.
Thyroid hormone stimulates hepatic IGF-I mRNA expression in a bony fish, the tilapia Oreochromis mossambicus, in vitro and in vivo.

Schmid AC, Lutz I, Kloas W, Reinecke M.

Division of Neuroendocrinology, Institute of Anatomy, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland.

To gain more knowledge about the physiological regulation of hepatic insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) production in bony fish, we examined the potential influence of thyroid hormone (T3, 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine) on the expression of IGF-I in the liver of the tilapia Oreochromis mossambicus, using in vitro and in vivo methods. The in vitro experiments were performed using a recently established primary hepatocyte cell culture and IGF-I expression was determined by means of semiquantitative RT-PCR. T3 (100 nM) significantly enhanced the synthesis rate of IGF-I mRNA in short (>8h) and long (>42h) time courses. The stimulating effect of T3 was detected already after 1h. After 4h, the IGF-I mRNA expression was more than 150% of the starting amount. In long time courses, after 6h the IGF-I mRNA value was about 170% of that in untreated cells and at the end of the experiment, it was still three times higher than in the control. In addition, the increase in IGF-I mRNA expression evoked by T3 (1 nM to 1 microM) was dose-dependent. In the in vivo approach, 10 individuals of tilapia received 4 daily intraperitoneal injections of T3 (6 microg/g body weight). IGF-I mRNA was assessed using dot blot technique with a tilapia specific IGF-I cRNA probe. The T3 treatment led to an increase of the IGF-I mRNA level up to 45% in the liver compared to the untreated animals. In conclusion, our results show that T3 directly stimulates the hepatic production of IGF-I in the tilapia in vitro and in vivo and indicate that in tilapia liver regulatory mechanisms seem to exist, as they are discussed for mammals.

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12568789&dopt=Abstract [PubMed - in process]

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