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Pathogen research abs 1 || Pathogen research abs 2 || Pathogen research abs 3 || Pathogen research abs 4 || Pathogen research abs 5 || Hormone and endocrine research abs 1 || Hormone and endocrine research abs 2 || Hormone and endocrine research abs 3 || Hormone and endocrine research abs 4 || Hormone and endocrine research abs 5





Am J Kidney Dis. 1999 Feb;33(2):287-93.
Risk factors for vertebral fractures in renal osteodystrophy.

Atsumi K, Kushida K, Yamazaki K, Shimizu S, Ohmura A, Inoue T.

Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Japan. kousekiha.hama-med.ac.jp

We determined the prevalence of vertebral fractures in hemodialysis (HD) patients, investigated whether low bone mineral density (BMD) is predictive of vertebral fracture, and evaluated the effect of serum intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) levels on vertebral fracture. One hundred eighty-seven male HD patients were assessed for vertebral fractures, and lumbar-spine and total-body BMD were measured by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometory. Thirty-nine patients (20.9%) had vertebral fractures. Each standard deviation (SD) decrease in lumbar-spine BMD increased the age-adjusted odds ratio of vertebral fracture 2.0 times (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.4 to 2.0) and 1.6 times (95% CI, 1.1 to 1.6) for total-body BMD. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve for lumbar-spine BMD was significantly greater than that for total-body BMD (P < 0.05). Patients with serum iPTH levels in the lowest tertile had a 2.4-fold greater risk for vertebral fracture than those in the middle tertile and a 1.6-fold greater risk than those in the highest tertile (P < 0.05). When the two criteria of lowest tertile of serum iPTH level and highest tertile of serum ALP level were combined, the prevalence of vertebral fractures was the greatest. Similarly, when the lowest tertile of serum iPTH level and lowest tertile of serum ALP level were combined, the prevalence was the second greatest among the combined groups according to tertiles of serum iPTH and ALP levels. We conclude that low lumbar-spine BMD might be a sensitive predictor of vertebral fracture in HD patients, and patients with relatively low iPTH levels would have a greater risk for vertebral fracture than those with hyperparathyroidism.


online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=10023640&dopt=Abstract



J Neuroendocrinol. 1999 Feb;11(2):107-13.
Cyclic GMP may potentiate lordosis behaviour by progesterone receptor activation.

Chu HP, Morales JC, Etgen AM.

Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.

The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that cGMP acts as a progesterone substitute to facilitate lordosis in oestrogen-primed rats. Female Sprague-Dawley rats underwent stereotaxic surgery to place a 26-gauge guide cannula into the third ventricle. Bilateral ovariectomy was done at the same time as stereotaxic surgery. Five days later ovariectomized rats were primed with 2 microg estradiol benzoate 24 and 48 h prior to behaviour testing. Some animals were further injected with 200 microg progesterone 4 h before behaviour testing. A nitric oxide synthase inhibitor infused into the third ventricle before progesterone administration significantly reduced lordosis performance. 8-Bromo-cGMP, a cell permeable cGMP analogue, or saline vehicle was infused into the third ventricle of hormone-primed animals approximately 4 h prior to the first of 3-h behaviour tests. This cGMP analogue facilitated lordosis behaviour. We next used KT5823, a highly specific inhibitor of protein kinase G (PKG), to test the hypothesis that cGMP action is mediated by this kinase. In this experiment, KT5823 was infused 15 min before progesterone. KT5823 significantly decreased lordosis behaviour. RU486, a progesterone receptor antagonist, was used to assess whether the stimulatory effects of cGMP are mediated through the progesterone receptor. Oestrogen-primed animals were injected with 5 mg of RU486 or vehicle 60 min before infusion with 8-bromo-cGMP. RU486 significantly attenuated cGMP-facilitated lordosis behaviour. These data show that cGMP facilitates lordosis through activation of PKG and the progesterone receptor.


online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=10048465&dopt=Abstract



Am J Vet Res. 1999 Feb;60(2):245-9.
Regulation of alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone secretion from the pars intermedia of domestic cats.

Kemppainen RJ, Peterson ME.

Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, AL 36849, USA.

OBJECTIVE: To identify factors regulating secretion of alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH) from the pars intermedia (PI) of the pituitary gland of cats. ANIMALS: 28 healthy adult cats. PROCEDURE: Indwelling catheters were placed in 1 jugular vein of each of 7 to 10 cats, depending on treatment group. Sixteen hours later, 3 blood samples were collected for determination of baseline plasma hormone concentrations, and saline solution or a test substance (haloperidol, corticotropin-releasing hormone, bromocriptine, isoproterenol, insulin, or dexamethasone) was administered via the catheter. Subsequent blood samples were collected at regular intervals for up to 240 minutes after injection. Concentrations of ACTH, cortisol, and alpha-MSH were measured in plasma by use of specific radioimmunoassays. Cats were rested for at least 3 weeks between experiments. RESULTS: Administration of haloperidol and isoproterenol resulted in increased, and bromocriptine and insulin in decreased, circulating concentrations of alpha-MSH from baseline. ACTH and plasma cortisol concentrations increased after administration of all test substances except dexamethasone. Dexamethasone injection resulted in decreased plasma concentrations of ACTH and cortisol. CONCLUSIONS: Secretion of alpha-MSH from the PI of cats appears to be inhibited by dopaminergic activity and stimulated by beta-adrenergic influences. Activation of secretion of alpha-MSH from the PI can be dissociated from activation of secretion of other pro-opiomelanocortin-derived peptides, such as ACTH, arising from the pars distalis. Regulation of secretory activity of the PI of cats resembles that of rats.


online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=10048560&dopt=Abstract



Hum Gene Ther. 1999 Jan 20;10(2):281-90.
Expression of biologically active atrial natriuretic factor following intrahepatic injection of a replication-defective adenoviral vector in dogs.

Chetboul V, Adam M, Deprez I, Ambriovic A, Rosenberg D, Crespeau F, Saana M, Pham I, Eloit M, Adnot S, Pouchelon JL.

Unite de Cardiologie d'Alfort, Ecole Nationale Veterinaire d'Alfort, Maisons-Alfort, France.

Atrial natriuretic factor (ANF) is a potent natriuretic, diuretic, and vasoactive hormone produced and released by atrial cardiomyocytes. We investigated whether adenovirus-mediated ANF gene delivery to dogs leads to a sustained increase in circulating ANF levels resulting in long-lasting biological effects. An adenoviral vector containing the canine ANF cDNA under the control of the Rous sarcoma virus 3' long terminal repeat (AdRSV-ANF) was injected via the intrahepatic route to nonvaccinated 2-month-old dogs. In the first group of four dogs injected with AdRSV-ANF (10(10.2) TCID50), a short-lived increase in plasma ANF concentrations not associated with biological effects occurred 8-10 days after the injection, as compared with four control dogs injected with an adenovirus encoding a luciferase reporter gene (AdRSV-luc). In a second series of experiments, six dogs received AdRSV-ANF at a dose of 10(10) TCID50 and a replication-defective type 5 adenovirus harboring a modified VAI gene (Ad-VAr) at the same dose. Sustained increases in plasma ANF concentrations and urinary cGMP excretion starting on day 2 and persisting until day 20 were seen, as well as concomitant elevations in natriuresis and diuresis, a transient increase in cardiac output, and a delay in body weight gain, as compared with control dogs injected with AdRSV-luc/Ad-VAr. These results show that adenovirus-mediated ANF gene expression can lead to systemic biological effects in dogs, a finding of potential relevance for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases and sodium-retaining disorders.


online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=10022552&dopt=Abstract



Circ Res. 1999 Feb 19;84(3):365-70.
Evidence for a vasopressin system in the rat heart.

Hupf H, Grimm D, Riegger GA, Schunkert H.

Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik fur Innere Medizin II, Universit at Regensburg, Germany.

Traditionally, a hypothalamo-neurohypophysial system is thought to be the exclusive source of arginine vasopressin (AVP), a potent antidiuretic, vasoconstricting, and growth-stimulating neuropeptide. We have identified de novo synthesis of AVP in the heart as well as release of the hormone into the cardiac effluents. Specifically, molecular cloning of sequence tags amplified from isolated, buffer-perfused, and pressure-overloaded rat hearts allowed the detection of cardiac AVP mRNA. Subsequent experiments revealed a prominent induction of AVP mRNA (peak at 120 minutes, 59-fold, P<0. 01 versus baseline) and peptide (peak at 120 minutes, 11-fold, P<0. 01 versus baseline) in these isolated hearts. Newly induced vasopressin peptide was localized most prominently to endothelial cells and vascular smooth muscle cells of arterioles and perivascular tissue using immunohistochemistry. In addition to pressure overload, nitric oxide (NO) participated in these alterations, because inhibition of NO synthase by Nomega-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester markedly depressed cardiac AVP mRNA and peptide induction. Immediate cardiac effects related to cardiac AVP induction in isolated, perfused, pressure-overloaded hearts appeared to be coronary vasoconstriction and impaired relaxation. These functional changes were observed in parallel with AVP induction and largely prevented by addition of a V1 receptor blocker (10(-8) mol/L [deamino-Pen1, O-Me-Tyr2, Arg8]-vasopressin) to the perfusion buffer. Even more interesting, pressure-overloaded, isolated hearts released the peptide into the coronary effluents, offering the potential for systemic actions of AVP from cardiac origin. We conclude that the heart, stressed by acute pressure overload or NO, expresses vasopressin in concentrations sufficient to cause local and potentially systemic effects.


online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=10024312&dopt=Abstract







Natural Herbal Supplement: Hair Million


Hair loss alone does not pose significant health problems. In fact, there are people who opt for baldness as an alternative hair style. However, in general, however, hair loss is not considered desirable.

The most ostensive feature that distinguishes us human from chimps and other primates is the lack of bodily hair. During evolutionary process, we have lost the majority of hair. Hair is no longer a biologically essential part of our body, just like appendix. The hair we still have on our scalp and a few other bodily parts is still regarded as significant for reasons other than biological necessity. Hair loss is naturally accompanied by aging process, although the extent of hair loss and the timing of onset vary widely among individuals. Thus, loss of hair and baldness is considered as a symbol of maturity or old age. Like winkles and other signs of aging, hair loss is not welcome by most people, because we don't welcome aging, and being perceived as an aging person. However, it is alopecia, or premature hair loss that especially concerns certain people.

While the hair loss and resulting baldness in general have not been proven to be related to underlying health problems, there are certain correlations between hair loss and health problems. For instance, premature hair loss could suggest premature aging or nutritional and hormonal imbalance, stressful life, use of drugs that cause hair loss as a side effect, skin disease, or heart disease. The balding appearance could also impart a subdued impression of integrity in bodily health and youthfulness.












DHEA is a natural hormone, and it is produced in our body by the adrenal glands. DHEA has been suggested to provide numerous potential benefits. DHEA (or dehydroepiandrosterone) is converted into androgens (male hormones) or estrogens (female hormones) in the cells. Our bodies produce decreasing amount of DHEA as we get older. various health benefits: To deter aging, improve sexual function/erectile dysfunction, treat cognitive decline, enhance athletic performance, facilitate weight loss, improve strength, prevent osteoporosis, enhance immunomodulation for rheumatic conditions, and treat depression.





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