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Br J Haematol. 1999 Feb;104(2):246-57.
Associations of blood rheology and interleukin-6 with cardiovascular risk factors and prevalent cardiovascular disease.

Woodward M, Rumley A, Tunstall-Pedoe H, Lowe GD.

Department of Applied Statistics, University of Reading.

Haemorheological variables (whole-blood, plasma and relative blood viscosity, haematocrit, red cell aggregation, white cell count and fibrinogen) were measured in 753 men and 821 women aged 25-74 years, and related to cardiovascular risk factors and prevalent cardiovascular disease (CVD). Men had higher levels than women of blood viscosity, haematocrit, corrected viscosity and relative viscosity. Post-menopausal women had higher levels than pre-menopausal women of blood viscosity, haematocrit, corrected blood viscosity, plasma viscosity and fibrinogen: each of these differences was completely or partly abolished by use of hormone replacement therapy. Serum total cholesterol, triglycerides, diastolic blood pressure, body mass index and smoking markers showed positive associations with most rheological variables, whereas HDL-cholesterol, plasma vitamin C and social class showed inverse associations. Rheological variables were associated with prevalent CVD after age-adjustment. However, after multiple risk factor adjustment only plasma viscosity and red cell aggregation showed significant (P<0.04) associations in both men and women (comparing top to bottom quarters). Plasma interleukin-6 (measured in a 25% subsample of 196 men and 221 women) correlated significantly with age, fibrinogen, white cell count, plasma and blood viscosity, current smoking, and (in men) with low serum vitamin C levels; but not with other major risk factors or with prevalent cardiovascular disease.

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=10050704&dopt=Abstract

Int J Androl. 1999 Feb;22(1):49-55.
Influence of age, hormones and germ cells on glutathione S-transferase activity in cultured Sertoli cells.

Castellon EA.

Physiology and Biophysics Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago.

Glutathione S-transferase (GSH-S-T) activity was measured, using 1-Cl-2,4-dinitrobenzene as substrate, in Sertoli cell cultures obtained from rats aged 10, 18, and 26 days. The GSH-S-T activity showed a significant increase with age of the Sertoli cell donor. When cultures were treated with hypotonic solution, in order to eliminate residual contaminating germ cells, the age dependent increase in enzyme activity was less pronounced. FSH, but not testosterone, increased enzyme activity in all cultures. Addition of freshly isolated germ cells (mainly pachytene spermatocytes) to hypotonic-treated Sertoli cell monolayers enhanced GSH-S-T activity at all ages. It is concluded that GSH-S-T activity can be measured in cultured Sertoli cells during the period of onset of spermatogenesis (10-26 days). This enzyme activity is dependent on age of the Sertoli cell donor and is influenced by FSH and germ cells. Since GSH-S-Ts are actively engaged in cell detoxificative functions through conjugation of xenobiotics with glutathione, the present findings suggest that this enzyme may have a relevant protective role during the critical period when spermatogenesis is being established.

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=10068944&dopt=Abstract

Endocrinology. 1999 Mar;140(3):1104-10.
Regulation of somatotroph differentiation and growth hormone (GH) secretion by corticosterone and GH-releasing hormone during embryonic development.

Dean CE, Porter TE.

Department of Poultry Science, Texas A&M University, College Station 77843, USA.

The role of extracellular factors in the regulation of anterior pituitary cell differentiation and GH secretion during embryonic development was investigated. Previously, we reported that somatotrophs become a significant population by embryonic day (e-) 16 of the chick and that corticosterone is the active compound responsible for the observed GH cell-differentiating activity of e-16 serum. More recently, the influence of hormone interactions on somatotroph differentiation and GH secretion during mid- to late embryogenesis was evaluated. Anterior pituitary cells from e-12, -14, and -17 chicks were cultured for 2, 3, and 6 days with corticosterone (10(-9) M) and GH-releasing hormone (GHRH; 10(-10)-10(-7) M) alone and in combination. Medium samples were analyzed for GH concentrations, and recovered cells were subjected to GH reverse hemolytic plaque assay for determination of somatotroph percentages and the relative amount of GH secretion from individual somatotrophs. GHRH significantly (P < 0.05) increased GH secretion from e-17, but not e-12 and e-14, pituitary cells during 2 and 3 days of culture. Corticosterone alone failed to increase GH secretion from e-12, -14, and -17 pituitary cells; however, corticosterone in combination with GHRH increased GH secretion from cells of all three ages. Culture with GHRH decreased percentages of e-17 GH-secreting cells in a concentration-dependent manner (from basal levels of 12.3 +/- 2.4% to 3.2 +/- 0.7% by 2 days), but did not affect percentages of e-12 and e-14 somatotrophs. Conversely, corticosterone increased percentages of e-12 and e-14 GH-secreting cells (by as much as 14- and 3-fold above basal levels, respectively), but did not alter the proportions of e-17 GH cells. Corticosterone in combination with GHRH was more effective than either hormone alone for increasing percentages of e-12 GH-secreting cells (from 9.6 +/- 0.8% with corticosterone to 15.9 +/- 1.5% with corticosterone plus GHRH), but this synergistic effect was not apparent until after 3 days of culture. Exposure to corticosterone in culture for 2, 3, and 6 days increased subsequent GH release from e-12 and e-14 pituitary cells during reverse hemolytic plaque assay. Combined treatment with corticosterone and GHRH further increased subsequent GH release from e-12 and e-14 cells. We conclude that glucocorticoids induce GH cell differentiation and that corticosterone and GHRH can interact at specific stages of embryonic development to regulate somatotroph differentiation and GH secretion.

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=10067832&dopt=Abstract

Brain Res. 1999 Mar 13;821(2):383-91.
Relations of hippocampal volume and dentate gyrus width to gonadal hormone levels in male and female meadow voles.

Galea LA, Perrot-Sinal TS, Kavaliers M, Ossenkopp KP.

Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, 2136 West Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada. lgalesych.ubc.ca

The present study examined hippocampal volume and dentate gyrus width and their relations to gonadal hormone levels in adult male and female meadow voles, Microtus pennsylvanicus. Females were split into High and Low Estradiol groups based on the median estradiol level. Males were similarly split into High and Low Testosterone groups. Contrary to previous reports in wild meadow voles, there was no evidence of an overall sex difference in hippocampal volume. However, when male-female comparisons were limited to High Testosterone males and Low Estradiol females a significant sex difference in hippocampal volume favouring males did emerge. Hippocampal volume in males was related to testosterone level, with High Testosterone males having significantly larger hippocampi than Low Testosterone males. Similarly, there was a significant influence of plasma estradiol level on hippocampal volume and left dentate gyrus width, with High Estradiol females having larger hippocampi and dentate gyrus width than Low Estradiol females. In addition, consistent with previous findings in the laboratory rat, there were sex differences favouring males in right dentate gyrus width. These findings show that there is a complex relationship between hippocampal volume, dentate gyrus width and gonadal hormone levels in male and female meadow voles. 1999 Published by Elsevier Science B.V.

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=10064825&dopt=Abstract

Endocrinology. 1999 Mar;140(3):1499-504.
Stage-specific regulation of stem cell factor gene expression in the rat seminiferous epithelium.

Yan W, Linderborg J, Suominen J, Toppari J.

Department of Physiology, University of Turku, Finland.

To assess the regulation of stem factor factor (SCF) gene expression during spermatogenesis, we tested the effects of hormones (FSH, testosterone, and 17beta-estradiol) and some growth factors [transforming growth factor-beta (TGF beta), TGF alpha, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and activin] on SCF gene expression by using a transillumination-assisted microdisection technique, a seminiferous tubule culture system, and Northern hybridization. Our results showed that FSH (10 ng/ml) increased steady state levels of SCF messenger RNA (mRNA) in a stage-specific and time-dependent manner. 8-Bromo-cAMP could increase the SCF mRNA level in a similar way as FSH, whereas phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate had no effect. Actinomycin D could abolish the stimulatory effect of FSH, whereas cyclohexamide could not. The half-life of SCF mRNA was apparently prolonged after FSH stimulation (FSH-treated tubules, 15.6 +/- 1.2 h; controls, 8.6 +/- 2.7 h). Nuclear run-on assay revealed 5- and 10-fold increases in the transcription rate after FSH stimulation for 8 and 30 h, respectively. Neither testosterone nor estradiol had significant effects on SCF gene expression in our tissue culture system. Activin, TGF beta, TGF alpha, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha had no effect on SCF gene expression in vitro. In conclusion, SCF gene expression in the rat seminiferous tubule is regulated by FSH through the cAMP/protein kinase A pathway. FSH regulates SCF gene expression at both transcriptional and posttranscriptional levels involving the increase in transcription rate and prolongation of half-life of SCF mRNA, but is independent of de novo protein synthesis.

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=10067879&dopt=Abstract

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