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Fatty acids resources:
Pathogen research abs 1 || Pathogen research abs 2 || Pathogen research abs 3 || Pathogen research abs 4 || Pathogen research abs 5 ||
Hormone and endocrine research abs 1 || Hormone and endocrine research abs 2 || Hormone and endocrine research abs 3 || Hormone and endocrine research abs 4 || Hormone and endocrine research abs 5
Endocrinology. 1999 Mar;140(3):1082-8.
Pituitary and testicular function in growth hormone receptor gene knockout mice.
Chandrashekar V, Bartke A, Coschigano KT, Kopchick JJ.
Department of Physiology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Carbondale 62901-6512, USA.
The role of GH in the control of pituitary and testicular function is poorly understood. GH receptor gene knockout (GHR-KO) mice were recently produced. As these mice are good experimental animals to assess the influence of the effects of GH and insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I), the present studies were undertaken. Young adult male GHR-KO mice and their normal siblings were tested for fertility and subsequently injected (i.p.) with saline or GnRH (1 ng/g BW) in saline. Fifteen minutes later, blood was obtained via heart puncture. Plasma IGF-I, PRL, LH, and testosterone concentrations were measured by RIAs. In addition, the testicular testosterone response to LH treatment was evaluated in vitro. The results indicate that the absence of GH receptors (GHRs) was associated with an increase (P < 0.005) in plasma PRL levels, and circulating IGF-I was not detectable. Although the basal plasma LH levels were similar in GHR-KO mice relative to those in their normal siblings, the circulating LH response to GnRH treatment was significantly (P < 0.001) attenuated. Plasma testosterone levels were unaffected by disruption of the GHR gene. However, basal (P < 0.01) and LH-stimulated (P < 0.001) testosterone release from the isolated testes of GHR-KO mice were decreased. The rate of fertility in GHR-KO male mice was also reduced. These results indicate that the lack of GHRs (with GH resistance and lack of IGF-I secretion) induces hyperprolactinemia and alters the effect of GnRH on LH secretion as well as testicular function. Thus, GH and IGF-I influence pituitary and gonadal functions in male mice.
online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=10067829&dopt=Abstract
Klin Med (Mosk). 1998;76(12):57-9.
[Carcinoid tumors]
[Article in Russian]
Simonenko VB, Dugin PA, Makanin MA.
Carcinoid tumors are new growths from neuroendocrine cells. The following clinical variants of carcinoid were observed in 11 patients with histologically verified carcinoid: 1) asymptomatic variant (an occasional finding at endoscopy)--2 cases; 2) carcinoid with symptoms of a mass detected at surgery--2 cases of intestinal ileus, 2 cases of appendix carcinoid simulating acute appendicitis; 3) carcinoid with hepatic metastases and carcinoid syndrome with unknown primary focus--2 cases; 4) carcinoid with metastases to the liver and carcinoid syndrome with location of the primary tumor in the lungs (2 cases) and pancreas (1 case). It is stated that carcinoid tumors are encountered more frequently than diagnosed (0.1-0.5% of all the tumors). Manifestations of carcinoid syndrome allow to diagnose carcinoid only at late stage when a large mass of hormone-active tumor tissue and metastases to the liver are present.
online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=10067296&dopt=Abstract
Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1999 Mar;40(3):592-602.
Androgen influence on lacrimal gland apoptosis, necrosis, and lymphocytic infiltration.
Azzarolo AM, Wood RL, Mircheff AK, Richters A, Olsen E, Berkowitz M, Bachmann M, Huang ZM, Zolfagari R, Warren DW.
Department of Cell and Neurobiology, University of Southern California, School of Medicine, Los Angeles 90033, USA.
PURPOSE: Previous studies have shown that ovariectomy and hypophysectomy cause regression of the lacrimal gland and have implicated androgens as trophic hormones that support the gland. The purposes of this study were to test the hypothesis that glandular regression after ovariectomy is due to apoptosis, to identify the cell type or types that undergo apoptosis, to survey the time course of the apoptosis, and to determine whether ovariectomy-induced apoptosis could be prevented by dihydrotestosterone (DHT) treatment. METHODS: Groups of sexually mature female New Zealand White rabbits were ovariectomized and killed at various time periods up to 9 days. Additional groups of ovariectomized rabbits were treated with 4 mg/kg DHT per day. At each time period, sham-operated rabbits were used as controls. Lacrimal glands were removed and processed for analysis of apoptosis as assessed by DNA fragmentation and for morphologic examination. DNA fragmentation was determined using the TdT-dUTP terminal nick-end labeling assay and by agarose gel electrophoresis. Labeled nuclei were quantified by automated densitometry. Sections were also stained for RTLA (rabbit thymic lymphocyte antigen), rabbit CD18, and La antigen. Morphology was evaluated by both light and electron microscopy. RESULTS: The time course of apoptosis exhibited two phases, a rapid and transient phase and a second prolonged phase. A transient phase peaked at approximately 4 to 6 hours after ovariectomy. The values for degraded DNA as a percentage of total nuclear area were 4.29%+/-0.79% and 4.26%+/-0.54%, respectively. The values for sham-operated controls examined at the same time periods were 1.77%+/-0.08% and 0.82%+/-0.21%, respectively. The percentage of degraded DNA at 24 hours after ovariectomy was not different from controls examined at the same interval after sham operation. The percentage of degraded DNA 6 days after ovariectomy was significantly increased (8.5%+/-2.4%), compared with sham-operated animals at the same time period (0.68%+/-0.03%). DNA laddering was more pronounced after ovariectomy. Dihydrotestosterone treatment in ovariectomized rabbits suppressed the increase in DNA degradation. Morphologic examination of lacrimal gland sections indicated that ovariectomy caused apoptosis of interstitial cells rather than acinar or ductal epithelial cells. Tissue taken 4 hours and 6 days after ovariectomy showed nuclear chromatin condensation principally in plasma cells. Increased numbers of macrophages were also evident. Significant levels of cell degeneration and cell debris, characteristic of necrosis, were observed in acinar regions 6 days after ovariectomy. Dihydrotestosterone prevented this necrosis. Increased numbers of RTLA+, CD18+, and La+ interstitial cells were also evident 6 days after ovariectomy. In addition, ovariectomy increased La expression in ductal cells. Dihydrotestosterone treatment prevented the increase in numbers of lymphoid cells and La expression. Dihydrotestosterone also promoted the appearance of mitotic figures in acinar cells and increased the sizes of acini by 43% (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Glandular atrophy observed after ovariectomy is likely to proceed by necrosis of acinar cells rather than apoptosis. This process begins with an apparent time lag after a rapid phase of interstitial cell apoptosis. These processes are accompanied by increased lymphocytic infiltration. These results suggest that a critical level of androgen is necessary to maintain lacrimal gland structure and function and that a decrease in available androgen below this level could trigger lacrimal gland apoptosis and necrosis, and an autoimmune response. Because apoptotic and necrotic cell fragments may be sources of autoantigens that can be processed and presented to initiate an autoimmune reaction, we surmise that cell death triggered by androgen withdrawal may trigger an autoimmune response such as that encountered in Sjogren's syndrome. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED)
online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=10067962&dopt=Abstract
J Physiol Pharmacol. 1998 Dec;49(4):607-16.
Effect of L-NAME, a specific nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, on corticotropin-releasing hormone-elicited ACTH and corticosterone secretion.
Bugajski J, Borycz J, Gadek-Michalska A, Glod R.
Department of Physiology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow. bugajskf-pan.krakow.pl
This study was designed to determine the role of endogenous nitric oxide (NO) in the corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)-induced ACTH and corticosterone secretion, as well as possible involvement of hypothalamic dopamine and noradrenaline in that secretion in conscious rats. CRH given i.p. stimulated dose-dependently the pituitary-adrenocortical activity measured 1 h later. Dexamethasone (0.2 mg/kg i.p.) injected 1 h before CRH (1 microg/kg i.p.) totally abolished the CRH-elicited ACTH and corticosterone secretion, indicating a predominantly pituitary site of CRH-evoked stimulation. L-arginine (120 mg/kg i.p.) and N(omega)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME 5-10 mg/kg i.p.) did not markedly affect the basal plasma ACTH and corticosterone levels. L-NAME given 15 min before CRH markedly, but not significantly, augmented the CRH-induced ACTH response, and enhanced more potently and significantly the corticosterone response. Pretreatment with L-arginine, a substrate for NOS, slightly diminished the CRH-induced ACTH response and considerably reduced the corticosterone response. L-arginine also significantly reversed the L-NAME-evoked increase in the CRH-induced ACTH and corticosterone secretion. L-NAME did not markedly alter the CRH-induced hypothalamic dopamine and noradrenaline levels, while L-arginine significantly increased noradrenaline level. However, those alterations were not directly correlated with the observed changes in ACTH and corticosterone secretion. These results indicate that in conscious rats NO plays a marked inhibitory role in the CRH-induced ACTH secretion and inhibits more potently corticosterone secretion. Hypothalamic dopamine and noradrenaline do not seem to be directly involved in the observed alterations in ACTH and corticosterone secretion.
online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=10069701&dopt=Abstract
Mol Hum Reprod. 1999 Feb;5(2):96-103.
The mechanism of action of epidermal growth factor and transforming growth factor alpha on aromatase activity in granulosa cells from polycystic ovaries.
Misajon A, Hutchinson P, Lolatgis N, Trounson AO, Almahbobi G.
Centre for Early Human Development, Institute of Reproduction and Development, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.
We investigated aromatization and the mechanism of action of epidermal growth factor (EGF) and transforming growth factor alpha (TGFalpha) on oestradiol biosynthesis in freshly prepared granulosa cells from polycystic ovaries. Freshly prepared granulosa cells from polycystic ovaries incubated for only 3 h under basal conditions secreted significantly (P< 0.001) greater amounts of oestradiol-17beta than that of granulosa cells from normal ovaries. 8-Bromo-cyclic adenosine monophosphate (8-Br-cAMP), but not follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) or luteinizing hormone (LH), further enhanced this activity. Both EGF and TGFalpha inhibited gonadotrophinor 8-Br-cAMP-stimulated, but not basal, oestradiol production. LH receptor (LHR) binding, estimated by immunolabelling the bound LH, was significantly (P< 0.001) reduced in granulosa cells from polycystic ovaries when compared with cells from normal ovaries. EGF or TGFalpha significantly reduced the binding in cultured cells from all patient groups (P< 0.05). More interestingly, a further increase of the inhibitory effect was seen in granulosa cells from polycystic ovaries (P < 0.001). In conclusion, granulosa cells from polycystic ovaries contain high levels of basal aromatase activity in vitro, which is probably inherited from the in-vivo condition. EGF and TGFalpha suppress oestradiol synthesis at a step beyond the production of cAMP and also LHR binding with more effect in granulosa cells from polycystic ovaries.
online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=10065863&dopt=Abstract
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