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Pathogen research abs 1 || Pathogen research abs 2 || Pathogen research abs 3 || Pathogen research abs 4 || Pathogen research abs 5 || Hormone and endocrine research abs 1 || Hormone and endocrine research abs 2 || Hormone and endocrine research abs 3 || Hormone and endocrine research abs 4 || Hormone and endocrine research abs 5

Jpn J Pharmacol. 1979 Jun;29(3):335-47.
Thyrotropin-releasing hormone: hyperactivity and mesolimbic dopamine system in rats.

Miyamoto M, Narumi S, Nagai Y, Shima T, Nagawa Y.

The mechanism of stimulatory action of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) on spontaneous motor activity was investigated in rats. TRH produced a significant hyperactivity with intraperitoneal administration of 20 mg/kg or bilateral injection of 10 micrograms into the nucleus accumbens septi (NAS). Following bilateral injection of 6-hydroxydopamine into the mesolimbic dopamine (DA) pathway, the hyperactivity induced by TRH was not altered, whereas the response to apomorphine given intraperitoneally or DA injected into the NAS was clearly enhanced. The TRH-induced hyperactivity was remarkably suppressed by alpha-methyltyrosine and in contrast, augmented by pargyline. Systemic injection of aminooxyacetic acid in a dose producing behavioral depression reduced markedly the TRH-induced hyperactivity. Bilateral injection of ethanolamine O-sulphate (100 micrograms) into the NAS produced no behavioral depression per se, but remarkably attenuated the hyperactivity response to TRH or DA (20 micrograms) given intraperitoneally or into the NAS. Both TRH (10(-5) and 10(-4) M) and methamphetamine (10(-6)--10(-4) M increased the spontaneous release of 14C-DA from rat NAS slices. These findings suggest that TRH induces hyperactivity by enhancing DA release from nerve terminals in the NAS without a direct stimulation of the post-synaptic DA recptors. TRH and GABA, independently or via interaction between them, may play a reciprocal regulatory role in the activity of the mesolimbic DA system.

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=119887&dopt=Abstract

Med Klin. 1979 Oct 12;74(41):1485-91.
[Intravenous and oral TRH-stimulation test: comparison of the value of both tests concerning diagnosis and therapy of thyroid diseases (author's transl)]

[Article in German]

Bottermann P, Glogger C, Henderkott U.

15 euthyroid patients, 15 patients with a so-called non toxic goiter, 7 patients with hypothyroidism and 14 patients with hyperthyroidism (Grave's disease and autonomous adenoma) were submitted to intravenous (200 micrograms) and oral (40 mg) TRH-stimulation tests. After the oral application of TRH the patients with a normal thyroid function and the patients with a goiter showed an increase of the concentration of TSH which was about 1 1/2 fold higher than after the intravenous application of TRH. The patients who suffered from hypothyroidism showed a different reaction after intravenous and oral application of TRH. The patients with a hyperthyroidism had neither after the intravenous nor after the oral application of TRH an increase of the peripheral concentration of TSH. Therefore both intravenous and oral TRH-stimulation tests seem to be apt in the same way for the diagnosis of thyroid diseases and for the control of the therapy when thyroid hormones are applied.

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=119902&dopt=Abstract

MMW Munch Med Wochenschr. 1979 Oct 26;121(43):1421-6.
[The first three-stage preparation for hormonal contraception. Clinical results (author's transl)]

[Article in German]

Lachnit-Fixson U.

The controlled clinical trial is reported of a new three-stage oral contraceptive which has meanwhile been introduced on to the market under the trade name Triquilar. Triquilar has a reliable contraceptive action: no pregnancy occurred in 8068 treatment cycles. In spite of the very low doses of estrogen and gestagen--Triquilar contains the lowest total quantity of steroids of all available preparations--the multistage structure guarantees an outstanding cycle control and a particularly good general tolerance. The reasons are discussed which today support the use of an oral contraceptive with the lowest possible amounts of the two hormone components.

PIP: A study comparing 2 triphasic hormonal contraceptive preparations (combinations of ethinyl estradiol and levonorgestrel) is reported. SH B 264 AB was used by 594 women for 6628 cycles with no pregnancies, while 634 women used SH B 261 AB for 6025 cycles with 1 pregnancy. A lower incidence of breakthrough bleeding and spotting was observed among SH B 264 AB users, and this preparation ("Triquilon") is preferred to the other. Triquilon users had a menstrual cycle length of 26-30 days and an amenorrhea rate of .4%. There was a low rate of breakthrough bleedings and spottings, which was higher when patients forgot to take their pills. In the vast majority of Triquilar users, body weight and blood pressure remained constant. Subjective side effects (e.g. nausea, dizziness, headache) were infrequent and decreased as the length of Triquilar use increased. A separate study of 1440 cycles of Triquilar use and 1343 cycles of Microgynon use showed that, while the contraceptive effectiveness was the same, the incidence of breakthrough bleeding and spotting was significantly less frequent among Triquilar users.

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=119912&dopt=Abstract

Postgrad Med J. 1979;55 Suppl 5:33-6.
Effect of danazol on thyroid function in women.

Thorell JI, Dymling JF, Rannevik G.

A longitudinal study of thyroid function during danazol treatment was performed in 18 women. Serum concentrations of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), thyroxine (T4), tri-iodothyronine (T3), free T4-and free T3 index as well as thyroid hormone binding globulin (TBG) were measured before and during 6 months therapy. Thyroxine binding globulin showed a marked decrease to one third of the pretreatment level. All the hormones showed significant alterations within the normal ranges for this group. T3 and T4 decreased slightly and the free T4 and free T3 index showed an increase. TSH decreased from 2.4 +/- 0.6 to 1.7 +/- 0.3 mIU/l. The observed hormonal changes were most likely induced by the decreased TBG concentrations and were probably without pathological significance. However these changes must be kept in mind when thyroid function tests from patients with danazol are evaluated.

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=119954&dopt=Abstract

Arch Histol Jpn. 1979 Dec;42(5):489-505.
Ultrastructural and morphometric studies on the rat pituitary thyrotrophs and thyroid follicular cells following administration of thyrotropin releasing hormone.

Okino H, Matsui S, Shioda S, Nakai Y, Kurosumi K.

The pituitary thyrotrophs and thyroid follicular cells of rats were studied by electron microscopy and morphometric analysis at 5, 10, 20, 30 and 60 min after intravenous injection of 200 microgram of thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) and at 10 min after injection of 10 microgram TRH. Multiple granule extrusions in a group were often observed around the pituitary thyrotrophs at 5, 10 and 20 min after administration of 200 microgram TRH, as well as at 10 min after injection of 10 microgram TRH. The number of released granules reached its maximum at 10 min after 200 microgram TRH injection, but the total number of secretory granules in the cytoplasm of thyrotrophs did not show any significant variation throughout the experimental period. Percent area of the rough endoplasmic reticulum indicated the maximum value at 20 min and that of the Golgi apparatus at 10 min. These findings suggest that TRH stimulates the thyrotroph and accelerates synchronously the secretion as well as the synthesis of TSH. In the thyroid follicular cells after 200 microgram TRH injection, numerous small vesicles which might be secretory granules were found in the apical cytoplasm at 5 and 10 min. Pseudopod formation on the luminal surface and accumulation of colloid droplets and lysosome-like granules in the apical cytoplasm were most frequently observed at 20 and 30 min. The value of the mean ratio of the diameter of the colloid lumen to the cell height of follicular cells in the thyroid follicles of all experimental animals stimulated with TRH decreased much more than that of the control animals. This value may indicate the increased activity of follicular cells to reabsorb the colloid.

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=120164&dopt=Abstract

Hair loss is a problem in modern soceity. Examining the factors of hair growth may shed light on how hair loss might occur. How long can hair grow before it stops growing eventually if it does? Given that the hair growth rate is quite uniform and constant, somewhere between 0.3-0.5 millimeters per day, it's believed that the length of anagen, the growth phase, differs among individuals, and this is the major determinant to the maximum hair length. For some individuals, anagen may last ten years. Of course the length of the anagen is governed by genes, and the genetic background of the individuals. Non-genetic factors such as nutritional condition, weather, seasonal changes (hair may grow a bit faster during winter), taking medications, health condition may of course influence the rate of hair growth as well as hair loss. The shape of the hair, straight or curly, is dependent on the shape of the follicle. A circular or round hair follicle would generate straight hair, while the follicle with oval or elliptical shapes (in its cross-section) would produce a curly hair.

DHEA is a natural hormone, and it is produced in our body by the adrenal glands. DHEA has been suggested to provide numerous potential benefits. DHEA (or dehydroepiandrosterone) is converted into androgens (male hormones) or estrogens (female hormones) in the cells.

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