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Arch Biochem Biophys. 2002 May 15;401(2):125-33.
Canine sulfotransferase SULT1A1: molecular cloning, expression, and characterization.

Tsoi C, Morgenstern R, Swedmark S.

Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, P.O. Box 210, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden. carrie.tsostrazeneca.com

Sulfotransferases (SULTs) are involved in detoxification and activation of various endogenous and exogenous compounds including important drugs and hormones. SULT1A, the phenol-SULT subfamily, is the most prominent subfamily in xenobiotic metabolism and has been found in several species, e.g., human, rat, and mouse. We have cloned a phenol-sulfating phenol SULT from dog (cSULT1A1) and expressed it in Escherichia coli for characterization. cSULT1A1 showed 85.8, 82.7, 76.3, and 73.6% identities to human P-PST, human M-PST, rat PST-1, and mouse STp1, respectively. It consists of 295 amino acids, which is in agreement with the human ortholog and sulfate substrates typical for the SULT1A family, i.e., p-nitrophenol (PNP), alpha-naphthol, and dopamine. The K(m) for PNP was found to be within the nanomolar range. It also sulfates minoxidil and beta-estradiol but not dehydroepiandrosterone. Western blot analysis indicated that this newly cloned enzyme was found to be ubiquitously expressed in canine tissues with highest expression in male and female liver. (c) 2002 Elsevier Science (USA).

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12054462&dopt=Abstract

Arch Biochem Biophys. 2002 May 1;401(1):44-52.
Regulation of renal vitamin D receptor is an important determinant of 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) levels in vivo.

Beckman MJ, DeLuca HF.

Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 433 Babcock Drive, 53706-1544, USA.

The synthesis of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) (1,25-(OH)(2)D(3)) is most strongly regulated by dietary calcium and the action of parathyroid hormone to increase 1alpha-hydroxylase (1alpha-OHase) and decrease 24-hydroxylase (24-OHase) in kidney proximal tubules. This study examines the hypothesis that 1,25-(OH)(2)D(3) synthesis, induced by dietary calcium restriction, is also the result of negative feedback regulation blockade. Rats fed a low calcium (0.02%, -Ca) diet and given daily oral doses of vitamin D (0, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0, 8.0, and 16.0 microg) remained hypocalcemic despite increasing levels of serum calcium in relation to the vitamin D dose. Plasma levels of 1,25-(OH)(2)D(3) rose to high levels (1200 pg/ml) at the high vitamin D dose levels. As expected, thyroparathyroidectomy caused a rapid fall in serum 1,25-(OH)(2)D(3). In rats fed a 0.47% calcium diet (+Ca) supplemented with vitamin D (4 microg/day), exogenous 1,25-(OH)(2)D(3) suppressed renal 1alpha-OHase and stimulated the 24-OHase. In rats fed the -Ca diet, vitamin D was unable to suppress the renal 1alpha-OHase or stimulate the renal 24-OHase. In contrast, vitamin D was fully able to stimulate intestinal 24-OHase. Intestinal vitamin D receptor (VDR) was present under all circumstances, while kidney VDR was absent under hypocalcemic conditions and present under normocalcemic conditions. It appears that tissue-specific down-regulation of VDR by hypocalcemia blocks the 1,25-(OH)(2)D(3) suppression of the 1alpha-OHase and upregulation of the 24-OHase in the kidney, causing a marked accumulation of 1,25-(OH)(2)D(3) in the plasma. (c) 2002 Elsevier Science (USA).

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12054486&dopt=Abstract

J Exp Zool. 2002 Oct 1;293(5):456-66.
Influence of cortisol on developmental rhythms during embryogenesis in a tropical damselfish.

McCormick MI, Nechaev IV.

School of Marine Biology and Aquaculture, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia. mark.mccormiccu.edu.au

Newly-spawned teleost eggs can vary widely in their maternal endowment of a variety of hormones, including cortisol. Field and laboratory experiments have shown that initial egg cortisol concentrations directly influence the size at hatching of the benthic spawning damselfish, Pomacentrus amboinensis. The present study examines the mechanism by which cortisol influences larval size at hatching by investigating the growth and developmental rhythms throughout embryogenesis. Newly spawned eggs of P. amboinensis were collected from natural benthic nests, and half of each clutch was incubated in a moderate level of cortisol (2.7 x 10(-6) M, equivalent to a concentration of 0.79 pg/egg). Cortisol was found to have no affect on the rate of cell-pulsations up to epiboly (18 hr post-fertilization), with cells pulsing at a mean rate of 56-60 pulses/min. Cortisol had an affect on the relative growth rate from the start of gastrulation to knot formation. Growth in the cortisol-supplemented embryos was pulsed, with periods of fast growth punctuated by long periods of stasis. Overall growth rates during this period were lower in the cortisol-supplemented embryos despite their higher growth during active periods. Pulse rates of somite cells and contraction rhythms of myotomes and the heart were twice as high in cortisol-supplemented embryos than controls. Despite this, cortisol-supplemented eggs developed at the same rate as controls and hatched at the same time. This study suggests that the maternal endowment of cortisol to eggs plays a vital role in determining the embryonic rhythms by which embryos grow and may be directly influencing metabolism.

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12486806&dopt=Abstract

Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2002 Apr 26;293(1):106-11.
The preovulatory rise of ovarian ornithine decarboxylase is required for progesterone secretion by the corpus luteum.

Bastida CM, Tejada F, Cremades A, Penafiel R.

Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain.

Ovarian progesterone secretion during the diestrus stage of the estrous cycle is produced by luteal cells derived from granulosa and thecal cells after the differentiation process that follows ovulation. Our results show that blockade of the preovulatory rise of ovarian ornithine decarboxylase (ODC), a key enzyme in polyamine biosynthesis, by treatment with the specific inhibitor alpha-difluoromethylornithine (DFMO) leads to a significant decrease in the ovarian progesterone content and a dramatic fall in the plasma levels of this hormone during the following diestrus. The same inhibition was produced in spite of the fact that both luteinizing and follicle stimulating hormones were given concomitantly with DFMO. On the other hand, the acute rise in the plasma progesterone levels observed after administration of human chorionic gonadotropin to mice at different periods of the estrous cycle was not affected by DFMO administration. Our results indicate that although elevated levels of ODC are not required for acute ovarian steroidogenesis, the preovulatory peak of ovarian ODC activity observed in the evening of proestrus may be critical for the establishment of a constitutive steroidogenic pathway and progesterone secretion by the corpus luteum during the diestrus stage of the murine estrous cycle.

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12054570&dopt=Abstract

Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2002 Apr 26;293(1):145-9.
Reduction in cytochrome P-450 enzyme expression is associated with repression of CAR (constitutive androstane receptor) and PXR (pregnane X receptor) in mouse liver during the acute phase response.

Beigneux AP, Moser AH, Shigenaga JK, Grunfeld C, Feingold KR.

Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, Metabolism Section, Medical Service, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA. abeigneuladstone.ucsf.edu

Expression of P-450 (Cyp) enzymes is reduced in liver during the acute phase response, contributing to the decrease in bile acid levels and drug metabolism during infection. Nuclear hormone receptors CAR and PXR are key transactivators of Cyp2b and Cyp3a genes, respectively. Injection of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced the expected reduction in Cyp2b10 and Cyp3a mRNA levels in mouse liver. These decreases were associated with a marked reduction in CAR and PXR mRNA levels within 4 h following treatment. LPS-induced CAR and PXR repression were dose-dependent and sustained for at least 16 h. LPS treatment also reversed the up-regulation of Cyp3a in mice pre-treated with PXR ligand RU486. In addition, we observed a concomitant decrease in RXR (retinoid X receptor) mRNA levels, the obligatory partner of both CAR and PXR for high affinity binding to DNA. These findings represent one possible molecular mechanism underlying sepsis-induced repression of Cyp enzymes.

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12054576&dopt=Abstract

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