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Fatty acids resources:

Pathogen research abs 1 || Pathogen research abs 2 || Pathogen research abs 3 || Pathogen research abs 4 || Pathogen research abs 5 || Hormone and endocrine research abs 1 || Hormone and endocrine research abs 2 || Hormone and endocrine research abs 3 || Hormone and endocrine research abs 4 || Hormone and endocrine research abs 5





Lipids. 2002 May;37(5):495-500.
Targeted disruption of peroxisomal proliferator-activated receptor beta (delta) results in distinct gender differences in mouse brain phospholipid and esterified FA levels.

Rosenberger TA, Hovda JT, Peters JM.

Brain Physiology and Metabolism Section, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1582, USA. plsetail.nih.gov

The peroxisomal proliferator-activated receptor beta (delta) (PPARbeta) is a nuclear hormone receptor that is ubiquitously expressed and that regulates the transcription of genes involved in lipid metabolism. A homozygous PPARbeta-null mouse has been developed in which the ligand-binding domain of the PPARbeta receptor is disrupted. Analysis of brains from these animals shows that female null mice have 24 and 17% increases in plasmenylethanolamine and phosphatidylserine and a 9% decrease in the level of phosphatidylinositol when compared to controls. The phospholipid changes found in female null mice were associated with increased levels of esterified 18:1n-9, 20:1n-9, 20:4n-6, and 22:5n-3 FA in plasmenylethanolamine, 20:1n-9 in phosphaticlylinositol, and 18:0, 18:1n-9, 18:3n-6, 20:1 n-9, and 20:4n-6 in phosphatidylserine. Increased levels of esterified 18:1n-9, 18:2n-6, 18:3n-6, and 20:1n-9 were also found in the phosphatidylethanolamine fraction despite its cellular content remaining unchanged. Brain phospholipid content in male PPARbeta-null mice did not differ from controls, but increased levels of 20:1n-9 in the phosphatidylinositol and 18:1n-9 in the phosphatidylserine fractions were observed. No changes were found in the content of brain cholesterol, TAG, and FFA in either female or male PPARbeta-null mice. These data suggest that PPARbeta is involved in maintaining FA and phospholipid levels in adult female mouse brain and provide strong evidence that suggests a role for PPARbeta in brain peroxisomal acyl-CoA utilization.


online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12056592&dopt=Abstract



Folia Histochem Cytobiol. 2002;40(2):161-2.
Immunohistochemical localization of androgen receptors in testicular cells of mice with mosaic mutation.

Kowal M, Kotula-Balak M, Styrna J, Bilinska B.

Department of Genetics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland. kowauk.iz.uj.edu.pl

Mice with mosaic mutation could be one of the models of human Menkes disease, which is associated with abnormal cooper metabolism. The aim of the present study was to localize androgen receptors (ARs) in the testes by means of immunohistochemistry. AR expression was observed in the nuclei of all somatic cells such as Leydig cells, Sertoli cells, and peritubular cells in sections from testes of control and mosaic mutant males. In the latter, very strong immunoreactivity for AR as well as higher levels of steroid hormones in homogenates were noticed in comparison to control mice. No positive immunoreaction for ARs was seen in control sections incubated without the primary antibody.


online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12056625&dopt=Abstract



Folia Histochem Cytobiol. 2002;40(2):163-4.
Germ cells with nuclear DNA fragmentation related to apoptotic cells in rat testis in experimental hyperprolactinemia induced by metoclopramide.

Laszczynska M, Sluczanowska-Glabowska S, Piasecka M, Skowron J, Debinska-Szymanska T.

Department of Histology and Embryology, Pomeranian Academy of Medicine, Szczecin, Poland. laszcci.pam.szczecin.pl

The cells with nuclear DNA fragmentation related to apoptosis were detected by TUNEL technique in the seminiferous epithelium of control rats and of rats with experimental hyperprolactinemia induced by metoclopramide. The percentage of convoluted tubules with apoptotic cells and the number of apoptotic cells (predominantly spermatogonia and spermatocytes) was increased in the experimental group. The results indicated stage-specific germ cell apoptosis. In the experimental group, apoptotic cells were most evident at early (I-IV), middle (VII-VIII) and late (XII-XIV) stages of the seminiferous epithelium cycle, as revealed by light and electron microscopy. We suggest that a decreased concentration of testosterone and an increased concentration of prolactin could disturb spermatogenesis and contribute to the intensive apoptosis of germ cells in rats with hyperprolactinemia. Sertoli cells which have receptors for testosterone and prolactin and play an important role in spermatogenesis and in the initiation of apoptosis in seminiferous epithelium, could mediate such an influence of both hormones.


online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12056626&dopt=Abstract



Folia Histochem Cytobiol. 2002;40(2):179-80.
Preliminary evaluation of pancreatic islets in rats with experimental uremia and after thyroparathyroidectomy.

Kasacka I, Azzadin A, Sawicki B.

Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical Academy, Bialystok, Poland. kasackmb.edu.pl

Hormonal disorders are the permanent symptoms of renal failure. They concern all known hormones and can be due to quantitative changes of the secretory activity and disturbances of endocrine cell functions. The aim of this study was to establish whether experimental thyroparathyroidectomy in uremic animals causes detectable histomorphological changes in endocrine cells of pancreatic islets. Thyroparathyroidectomy was performed in rats 30 days after nephrectomy. Fragments of pancreatic tissue were collected 14 days after the operation. Paraffin sections were stained with H+E and by silver salt impregnation. Immunohistochemical reactions were conducted using antibodies against calcitoningene-related peptide (CGRP), synaptophysin (SPh), somatostatin (ST), neuron-specific enolase (NSE), and chromogranin (CgA). It was shown that endocrine cells of pancreatic islets in thyroparathyroidectomized rats show intensified immunoreactivity to SPh and ST as compared to the control group of animals. Immunocytochemical reactions for NSE, CgA, and CGRP were negative.


online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12056634&dopt=Abstract



Eur J Clin Invest. 2002 Sep;32(9):674-81.
Role of calcitonin in the rapid minute-to-minute regulation of plasma Ca2+ homeostasis in the rat.

Wang W, Lewin E, Olgaard K.

Nephrological Department P, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.

BACKGROUND: Plasma ionized calcium (Ca2+) is maintained at a very stable concentration in mammals. The hormones or factors involved in the very rapid regulation of calcium homeostasis are still debated. Thus, previous results from our laboratory have clearly shown that parathyroid hormone (PTH) and 1,25(OH)2D3 are not responsible for the rapid up-regulation of plasma Ca2+ after a brief induction of hypocalcaemia. The present investigation therefore examined in vivo the possible role of calcitonin (CT) in the very rapid, minute-to-minute regulation of plasma Ca2+ in rats. STUDY DESIGN: The rapid calcaemic response to acute thyroparathyroidectomy (TPTX) and to acute selective thyroidectomy (TX) (n = 10), as well as the possible effect of CT on the very rapid recovery of plasma Ca2+ after termination of a brief induction of hypocalcaemia were studied. Hypocalcaemia was induced by a 30-min EGTA infusion in ras in three different protocols: 1 h after TPTX (n = 9) compared with control TPTX rats not given EGTA (n = 13); 1 h after TX (n = 7); and 1 h after TPTX, but during supplementation with exogenous CT (n = 8) and compared with the response in TPTX rats infused with vehicle (n = 8). RESULTS: An immediate and significant increase of plasma Ca2+ was found after TPTX (P < 0.01) as well as after selective TX (P < 0.01) in the nonfasting rats. Significant hypercalcaemia (P < 0.05) was still present in rats fasting for 2 days before these procedures, but the increase in plasma Ca2+ was considerably less (P < 0.01). After induction of a brief period of hypocalcaemia by infusion of EGTA a significant (P < 0.01) and rapid recovery of plasma Ca2+ took place within 10 min and a further increase within the next 60 min (P < 0.01), whether or not the rats were normal, TPTX, TX or were supplemented by CT during the experiments. The plasma Ca2+ recovery curves after termination of a brief induction of hypocalcaemia all had similar appearances, indicating that presence or absence of CT had no influence on this very rapid Ca2+ recovery after induction of hypocalcaemia. CONCLUSIONS: Acute removal of the tonus of CT results in an acute increase in plasma Ca2+ for up to 3 h. This effect of CT is probably mainly related to the postprandial maintenance of normocalcaemia, but is also seen in fasting rats, although to a lesser degree. The very rapid calcaemic recovery after discontinuation of a brief induction of hypocalcaemia is, however, not a result of suppressed plasma calcitonin levels.


online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12486867&dopt=Abstract







Natural Herbal Supplement: Hair Million


Hair loss alone does not pose significant health problems. In fact, there are people who opt for baldness as an alternative hair style. However, in general, however, hair loss is not considered desirable.

The most ostensive feature that distinguishes us human from chimps and other primates is the lack of bodily hair. During evolutionary process, we have lost the majority of hair. Hair is no longer a biologically essential part of our body, just like appendix. The hair we still have on our scalp and a few other bodily parts is still regarded as significant for reasons other than biological necessity. Hair loss is naturally accompanied by aging process, although the extent of hair loss and the timing of onset vary widely among individuals. Thus, loss of hair and baldness is considered as a symbol of maturity or old age. Like winkles and other signs of aging, hair loss is not welcome by most people, because we don't welcome aging, and being perceived as an aging person. However, it is alopecia, or premature hair loss that especially concerns certain people.

While the hair loss and resulting baldness in general have not been proven to be related to underlying health problems, there are certain correlations between hair loss and health problems. For instance, premature hair loss could suggest premature aging or nutritional and hormonal imbalance, stressful life, use of drugs that cause hair loss as a side effect, skin disease, or heart disease. The balding appearance could also impart a subdued impression of integrity in bodily health and youthfulness.












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