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Pathogen research abs 1 || Pathogen research abs 2 || Pathogen research abs 3 || Pathogen research abs 4 || Pathogen research abs 5 || Hormone and endocrine research abs 1 || Hormone and endocrine research abs 2 || Hormone and endocrine research abs 3 || Hormone and endocrine research abs 4 || Hormone and endocrine research abs 5

Intern Med. 2002 May;41(5):377-80.
Primary hyperparathyroidism with duodenal ulcer and H. pylori infection.

Sato H, Abe K, Oshima N, Kawashima K, Hamamoto N, Moritani M, Mak R, Ishihara S, Adachi K, Kawauchi H, Kinoshita Y.

Second Department of Internal Medicine, Shimane Medical University, Izumo.

A patient with duodenal ulcer and primary hyperparathyroidism was found to have an abnormally high intragastric pH. The pH level returned to normal after surgical removal of the parathyroid adenoma followed by normalization of parathyroid hormone (PTH) and serum calcium concentrations. The patient was positive for Helicobacter pylon (H. pylori) infection. Although the exact mechanism by which chronic hypercalcemia or high PTH level inhibited gastric acid secretion in this case remains unclear, our findings suggest that hypercalcemia may play some role in H. pylori associated gastroduodenal diseases through induction of proinflammatory cytokines or by enhancing the attachment of H. pylori to gastric epithelial cells.

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12058887&dopt=Abstract

Intern Med. 2002 May;41(5):395-7.
An autopsy case of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis accompanied by syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone.

Koyama S, Aizawa H, Haga T, Nakatani-Enomoto S, Kikuchi K.

First Department of Medicine, Section of Neurology, Asahikawa Medical College.

We report an autopsy-confirmed case of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) accompanied by syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone (SIADH). A 67-year-old man was admitted to our hospital with muscle weakness, dysarthria and dysphagia. During hospitalization, respiratory insufficiency was ingravescent, and hyponatremia, hypo-osmolarity, elevated osmotic pressure of urine, and elevated urinary sodium excretion were noted. Based on these findings we diagnosed ALS with SIADH, and treatment with infusion of concentrated NaCl was started. However, the patient died of respiratory failure on day 50. We assumed that severely restrictive ventilatory impairment was the cause of SIADH in this case.

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12058891&dopt=Abstract

J Mol Neurosci. 2002 Jun;18(3):223-8.
Dynamic processing of neuropeptides: sequential conformation shaping of neurohypophysial preprohormones during intraneuronal secretory transport.

Acher R, Chauvet J, Rouille Y.

Laboratory of Biological Chemistry, University of Paris VI, France.

Neurohypophysial preprohormones are single polypeptide chains folded into 3/4 domains, namely a signal prepeptide (18/20 residues), a hormone peptide (9 residues), and a propeptide neurophysin-copeptin (93/134 residues). Neuro-hormone and neurophysin contain 1 and 7 disulfide bridges, respectively, whose pairing depends on correct primordial folding within the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) compartment (pH 7.0) of hypothalamic magnocellular neurons. During intracellular travel in the secretory pathway from ER to secretory granules (SC), the precursor is submitted to successive processings (glycosylation, proteolysis, amidation) in distinct compartments, leading to domain separation and reshaping. In particular the hormone domain is subjected, in the SG, pH 5.5, to a 4-enzyme cascade in order to reach the bioactive conformation. We have purified SG from rat and ox neurohypophyses and characterized: 1) the processed domains (neurohormone, neurophysin, copeptin); 2) the four processing enzymes acting successively at the level of the processing sequence, namely a Lys-Arg calcium-dependent endopeptidase, a carboxypeptidase B-like enzyme, a peptidyl-glycine monooxygenase and a peptidyl-hydroxyglycine lyase (amidating enzyme). A reconstitution of the processing has been carried out in vitro using purified granular enzymes and synthetic nonactive prohormone peptides, vasopressinyl-Gly-Lys-Arg, vasotocinyl-Gly, and oxytocinyl-Gly. Vasopressin (yield 17% at pH 6.0, 30% at pH 8.0) has been identified by both coelution in high-performance liquid chromotography (HPLC) and bioactivity. In the homozygote mutant Brattleboro rats, a single nucleotide deletion in the gene entails a complete change in aminoacid sequence of neurophysin from residue 64 onwards. A misrouting in the ER or a misprocessing in the SG could occur so that neither vasopressin nor associated-neurophysin are found in the neurohypophysis, this lack determining diabetes insipidus. In addition there is a 50% decrease of the Lys-Arg-endoendopeptidase activity in the SG of the homozygote Brattleboro.

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12059040&dopt=Abstract

Clin Chem Lab Med. 2002 Apr;40(4):371-7.
The circulating levels of cardiac natriuretic hormones in healthy adults: effects of age and sex.

Clerico A, Del Ry S, Maffei S, Prontera C, Emdin M, Giannessi D.

Institute of Clinical Physiology, University of Pisa, Italy. clericfc.pi.cnr.it

In order to study the relationships between sex hormones, aging, and circulating levels of cardiac natriuretic peptides and to define reference values for atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) assays, we measured the plasma levels of cardiac natriuretic peptides in a large group of healthy adults divided according to age and sex. We studied 216 healthy subjects of both sexes (109 men and 107 women) with age ranging from 20 to 77 years (mean 43.2+/-14.8 years). All subjects were non-obese and had normal arterial blood pressure; they were free from acute diseases, including asymptomatic heart disease. Highly sensitive and specific IRMA methods were used to measure plasma ANP and BNP. The mean ANP value in healthy adult subjects of both sexes was 17.8+/-10.9 pg/ml with no significant difference between men (16.7+/-10.0 pg/ml) and women (18.8+/-11.7 pg/ml). The mean BNP value in healthy adult subjects of both sexes was 9.9+/-9.0 pg/ml with a significant difference (p<0.0001) between men (7.7+/-7.1 pg/ml) and women (12.2+/-10.2 pg/ml). There was a weak linear relationship between age and either ANP (r=0.350, p<0.0001) or BNP (r=0.254, p=0.0002) values. When the circulating levels of cardiac natriuretic hormones, and age and sex were analyzed by multiple stepwise regression analysis, both age and sex significantly and independently contributed to the regression. Our study indicates independent positive effects of aging and female sex hormones on ANP and BNP levels in healthy adult subjects. These effects should be taken into account in the calculation of appropriate reference values for cardiac natriuretic hormones.

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12059078&dopt=Abstract

J Am Chem Soc. 2002 Jun 19;124(24):6921-8.
Functionally orthogonal ligand-receptor pairs for the selective regulation of gene expression generated by manipulation of charged residues at the ligand-receptor interface of ER alpha and ER beta.

Shi Y, Koh JT.

Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA.

The reengineering of protein-small molecule interfaces represents a powerful tool of chemical biology. For many applications it is necessary to engineer receptors so that they do not interact with their endogenous ligands but are highly responsive to designed ligand analogues, which in turn do not interact with endogenous proteins. The chemical design strategy used to reengineer protein-small molecule interfaces is particularly challenging for interfaces involving relatively plastic receptor binding sites and therefore presents a unique challenge in molecular design. In this study we explore the scope and limitations of a new strategy for manipulating polar/charged residues across the ligand receptor interface of estradiol (E2) and the estrogen receptor (ER). Carboxylate-functionalized E2 analogues can activate ER alpha(Glu353-->Ala) and ER beta(Glu305-->Ala) with very large selectivites, demonstrating that this design strategy is extendable to other members of the steroid hormone receptor family. Neutral E2 analogues were found to complement ER alpha(E353A) with similar potencies but with generally lower selectivities. This suggests that the high selectivity observed with ligand-receptor pairs generated by exchanging charged residues across ligand-receptor interfaces is only due in part to their complementary shapes and that appropriate introduction of charged functionality on the ligand can provide substantial enhancement of selectivity by decreasing the engineered ligands affinity for the endogenous receptor. Attempts to modify the cationic residues by complementing Arg394-->Ala or Arg394-->Glu were not successful.

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12059215&dopt=Abstract

The average human scalp is covered by approximatey 100,000 hair follicles. Each hair undergoes hair cycle and normally 50-100 hairs randomly fall out a day, which is unnoticeable because lost hair is replaced by as many new hairs springing up daily. Hair loss results from the fall out of hair from the hair follicle. Alopecia or excessive, premature hair loss is the condition caused by many factors. Loss of hair itself does not pose critical health problems because biological role of human hair is relatively marginal. Hair on our scalp protects the head from mechanical shock, heat loss, and exposure to UV-light. The eyelashes and eyebrowes protect the eyes, and hair in the ear canal or the nasal passages help filter out particles and pathogens, thus protecting our internal organs. However, hair does play important social role: it is one of the major determinants of our appearance and identity in daily life. Fullness of hair also implicates or manifests physical integrity and youthfulness of the person. Losing hair could have more than just emotional impacts on individuals. The hair is a unique organ that goes through a characteristic cycle consisting of an immature phase, a growing phase called anagen, a transitional phase between the growing phase and the resting phase called catagen, and finally a resting phase called telogen in which the hair stops growing, waiting to fall out. 85-90% of hairs on our body are in anagen phase or growing phase, which lasts anywhere from two to five years. This phase is followed by a short regression phase, or catagen, which lasts 2-3 weeks. Approximately 1% of hair follicles are in catagen. Approximately 10-15% of hair follicles are in the resting phase, the telogen, which lasts about 3-5 months. Hair follicles typically goes through 10-20 asynchronous cycles during the lifetime. Persistent loss of more than 150 hairs would consist a state of hair loss, or alopecia, albeit it could be temporary.

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