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Fatty acids resources:
Pathogen research abs 1 || Pathogen research abs 2 || Pathogen research abs 3 || Pathogen research abs 4 || Pathogen research abs 5 ||
Hormone and endocrine research abs 1 || Hormone and endocrine research abs 2 || Hormone and endocrine research abs 3 || Hormone and endocrine research abs 4 || Hormone and endocrine research abs 5
J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2002 Jul;302(1):304-13.
Skeletal efficacy with parathyroid hormone in rats was not entirely beneficial with long-term treatment.
Sato M, Ma YL, Hock JM, Westmore MS, Vahle J, Villanueva A, Turner CH.
Lilly Research Laboratories, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA. sato_masahikilly.com
We report the consequences of prolonged treatment with recombinant human parathyroid hormone (1-34) (PTH) in male and ovariectomized female rats with mature skeletons. Intact male and osteopenic, ovariectomized, female F-344 rats were evaluated after 1 year of treatment with 0, 8, or 40 microg/kg/day s.c. PTH. Males and females were about 6 months of age at study initiation; females were ovariectomized (Ovx) for 5 weeks before initiation of PTH treatment. PTH did not affect the survival of either intact males or ovariectomized females. Qualitative histopathology showed expected changes associated with aging in kidneys and proximal tibiae, with no treatment-related anomalies after 1 year of PTH administration. PTH slightly increased the femoral length of ovariectomized females but not that of males. No significant differences in femoral length were observed between sham and Ovx controls. Proximal femora of the males and ovariectomized females given the high dose of 40 microg/kg showed 211 and 186% greater trabecular bone area, 118 and 94% greater cortical thickness, 170 and 189% greater trabecular number, and 321 and 404% greater connectivity (node-to-node struts) compared with respective vehicle controls. Increased trabecular and endocortical surface apposition coincided with a 78 and 70% loss of marrow space for males and females treated with PTH, respectively. Biomechanical strength (ultimate load) of the femoral neck increased by 73 and 76%, respectively, in males and ovariectomized females. Cortical bone analyses of the femoral midshaft showed 105 and 72% increases in bone mineral content, 67 and 55% increases in bone mineral density, and 22 and 10% increases in cross-sectional area for males and ovariectomized females, respectively, with altered shape of femora. Biomechanical analyses of the midshaft showed substantial increases in strength and stiffness but a reduction in ultimate strain, which was likely due to the altered geometry of the midshaft for PTH groups. Aging effects on strength of vertebra and femoral midshaft were reversed by PTH treatment. In summary, the 1-year treatment duration, which represents about 50% of lifetime, did not affect survival and was not associated with any treatment-related anomalies in the kidney or skeleton. PTH reversed the aging process in bones but not kidneys and substantially increased bone mass and strength to well beyond normally attained levels. However, compared with short-term studies reported previously, there seemed to be no advantages to extending PTH treatment to 12 months in rat bones.
online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12065731&dopt=Abstract
Mol Pharmacol. 2002 Jul;62(1):135-42.
Integrated channel plasticity contributes to alcohol tolerance in neurohypophysial terminals.
Knott TK, Dopico AM, Dayanithi G, Lemos J, Treistman SN.
Department of Neurobiology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655, USA.
Short-term ethanol challenge results in the reduction of peptide hormone release from the rat neurohypophysis. However, rats that have been maintained on an ethanol-containing diet for 3 to 4 weeks exhibit tolerance to this effect. Mechanistic underpinnings of this tolerance were probed by examining four ion channel conductances critical for neurohormone release. The voltage-gated L-type calcium channel and the functionally linked calcium-activated BK channel represent a functional dyad. Although these channels show opposite drug responses in the naive terminal (i.e., the L-type Ca2+ channel is inhibited whereas the BK channel is potentiated), the effect of long-term alcohol exposure is to decrease sensitivity to the short-term administration of drug in both instances. In addition to the shift in sensitivity, current density increased for the L-type Ca2+ current and decreased for the BK current, consistent with a compensatory change. Sensitivity to alcohol was also altered for two other channel types studied. Inhibition of the voltage-gated transient Ca2+ current was lessened after long-term treatment. I(A,) which is not sensitive to the drug at clinically relevant concentrations in terminals from the naive rat, acquires sensitivity after long-term exposure, representing a potentially novel type of tolerance. However, neither the transient Ca2+ current nor I(A) shows a change in current density, demonstrating the selectivity of this aspect of tolerance. Overall, these results demonstrate that channel plasticity can explain at least a portion of the behavioral tolerance resulting from changes in sensitivity of peptide hormone release. Furthermore, they suggest that an understanding of tolerance requires the examination of dynamically coupled channel populations.
online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12065764&dopt=Abstract
Tumour Biol. 2002 Mar-Apr;23(2):70-5.
Clinical relevance of soluble c-erbB-2 for patients with metastatic breast cancer predicting the response to second-line hormone or chemotherapy.
Classen S, Kopp R, Possinger K, Weidenhagen R, Eiermann W, Wilmanns W.
GSF-National Research Center for Environment and Health, Klinikum Grosshadern, University of Munich, Munich, Germany.
Concentrations of soluble c-erbB-2 were determined in the sera of 64 patients with distant metastasis from advanced breast cancer receiving second-line hormone or chemotherapy in comparison to 35 breast cancer patients without detectable recurrent disease and 17 healthy blood donors. The sera of non-metastatic breast cancer patients contained s-erbB-2 concentrations similar to those of healthy blood donors. Patients with distant metastasis from advanced breast cancer had significantly higher values of s-erbB-2 in comparison to patients with non-disseminated disease (mean: 59.6 vs. 11.6 U/ml; p = 0.022). A significant correlation was observed between s-erbB-2 serum levels and serum LDH concentrations (p < 0.001), levels of alkaline phosphatase (p < 0.001), and the presence of hepatic metastasis (p = 0.001). Time to tumor progression was significantly shorter in patients with s-erbB-2 levels above 40 U/ml (mean: 23.4 vs. 56.7 months; p = 0.002). Furthermore, breast cancer patients with hepatic metastasis and those with elevated s-erbB-2 serum levels above 40 U/ml had limited response to hormone or chemotherapy. Non-responders had significantly higher s-erbB-2 levels (mean: 270.3, range: 42-500 U/ml;) compared with the responder group (mean: 23.1, range: 0-149 U/ml; p < 0.001). Logistic regression analysis indicated that elevated s-erbB-2 serum levels above 40 U/ml independently predicted an unfavorable response to second-line hormone or chemotherapy in patients with advanced metastatic breast cancer. 2002 S. Karger AG, Basel
online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12065844&dopt=Abstract
Neuroendocrinology. 2002 Jun;75(6):339-46.
Somatostatin receptor subtypes 2 and 5 inhibit corticotropin-releasing hormone-stimulated adrenocorticotropin secretion from AtT-20 cells.
Strowski MZ, Dashkevicz MP, Parmar RM, Wilkinson H, Kohler M, Schaeffer JM, Blake AD.
Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, NJ, USA.
Somatostatin (SRIH) regulates pituitary adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) secretion by interacting with a family of homologous G protein-coupled membrane receptors. The SRIH receptor subtypes (sst(1)-sst(5)) that control ACTH release remain unknown. Using novel, subtype-selective SRIH analogs, we have identified the SRIH receptor subtypes involved in regulating ACTH release from AtT-20 cells, a model for cell line pituitary corticotropes. Radioligand-binding studies with (125)I-SRIH-14 and (125)I-SRIH-28 showed that SRIH-14 and SRIH-28 recognized specific, high-affinity and saturable membrane-binding sites. Nonpeptidyl agonists with selectivity for the sst(2) (L-779,976; compound 2) or sst(1)/sst(5)) (L-817,818; compound 5) receptor subtypes potently displaced (125)I-SRIH-28 from AtT-20 cell membranes, while agonists selective for the sst(1) (L-779,591; compound 1), sst(3) (L-796,778; compound 3) or sst(4) (L-803,087; compound 4) subtypes were inactive. Tyr(11)-SRIH-14, compound 2 (sst(2)) or compound 5 (sst(5)) inhibited forskolin and corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)-induced increases in intracellular cAMP. Furthermore, the sst(2) and sst(5) agonists potently inhibited CRH-induced ACTH release from AtT-20 cells. These results provide the first evidence that sst(2) and sst(5) receptor subtypes, but not sst(1), sst(3) or sst(4), inhibit cAMP accumulation and regulate ACTH secretion in the AtT-20 cell model of the rodent corticotrope. 2002 S. Karger AG, Basel
online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12065886&dopt=Abstract
Horm Behav. 2002 Dec;42(4):387-98.
Associations between stress reactivity and sexual and nonsexual risk taking in young adult human males.
Halpern CT, Campbell B, Agnew CR, Thompson V, Udry JR.
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27516, USA. carolyn_halpernc.edu
Release of the hormone cortisol represents a distress response to novel or stressful situations. Individual differences in such reactivity have been conceptualized as representing a relatively enduring, generalizable trait. In this study, cortisol responses to two experimentally manipulated "sexual" and "nonsexual" stressors were used to examine whether stress reactivity is related to sexual and nonsexual risk behavior in young adult males. Analyses were based on 150 males 18 to 25 years old; risk behavior was assessed in confidential, self-administered questionnaires. Analyses indicated that both stressors effectively elicited cortisol increases. Generalized reactivity, defined as a cortisol response to both stressors, was inversely associated with deviance (e.g., theft, substance use) and with two indicators of sexual risk taking (lifetime number of intercourse partners and frequency of condom use). Findings are discussed in terms of cross-situational consistency of stress responses, the utility of stress reactivity for understanding individual differences in risk taking, and the interpretive limitations imposed by study design.
online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12488106&dopt=Abstract
The most ostensive feature that distinguishes us human from chimps and other primates is the lack of bodily hair. During evolutionary process, we have lost the majority of hair. Hair is no longer an essential part of our body, just like appendix. What little hair we still have on our scalp and a few other bodily parts is still regarded as significant for reasons other than biological necessity. Hair loss is naturally accompanied by aging process, although the extent of hair loss and the timing of onset vary widely among individuals. Thus, loss of hair and baldness is considered as a symbol of maturity or old age. Like winkles and other signs of aging, hair loss is not welcome by most people, because we don't welcome aging, and being perceived as an aging person. However, it is alopecia, or premature hair loss that especially concerns certain people.
Hair Million is a blend of Asian herbs that wards off hair loss and promotes hair growth. Of various approaches to hair restoration, Hair Million offers advantages including low cost compared with other methods or drugs, and safety, because it is made of safe and healthy herbs.
DreamPharm Online Healthy Supplements ||
Constipation relief, laxative, colon cleansing ||
Lutein ||
Progesterone Cream ||
Natural herbal formula for hair loss problems ||