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Pathogen research abs 1 || Pathogen research abs 2 || Pathogen research abs 3 || Pathogen research abs 4 || Pathogen research abs 5 || Hormone and endocrine research abs 1 || Hormone and endocrine research abs 2 || Hormone and endocrine research abs 3 || Hormone and endocrine research abs 4 || Hormone and endocrine research abs 5

Acta Physiol Scand. 2002 Nov;176(3):203-13.
Absorption of biologically active peptide hormones from the small intestine of rat.

Wheeler S, McGinn BJ, Lucas ML, Morrison JD.

West Medical Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.

Absorption of the 4, 10 and 34 amino acid forms of gastrin from the small intestine has been investigated in anaesthetized rats. The method of assessment of successful absorption of the hormone into the systemic circulation was when the amount of acid secreted by the stomach over consecutive 15-min periods was increased. When the natural hormones were infused into the ileum in a relatively high dose, there was no increase in gastric acid secretion, indicating that they had not been absorbed. Each of the forms of gastrin was conjugated at the free amino terminus to the carboxyl group of cholic acid. Subsequent infusion of the conjugated form of gastrin into the ileum, this time in relatively low doses, resulted in substantial and prolonged increases in gastric acid secretion, indicating that these hormones had been successfully absorbed. In addition, conjugation of the 10 and 34 amino acid forms of gastrin with cholic acid was shown to increase markedly the potency in evoking an increase in gastric acid secretion in response to intravenous injection of the hormone. Absorption of the gastrin conjugates was specific to the ileum thus indicating that they had been absorbed through the bile salt transporters.

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12392500&dopt=Abstract

Dev Growth Differ. 2002 Oct;44(5):365-81.
Basic transcription element binding protein is a thyroid hormone-regulated transcription factor expressed during metamorphosis in Xenopus laevis.

Hoopfer ED, Huang L, Denver RJ.

3065C Natural Science Building, Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1048, USA.

Basic transcription element binding protein (BTEB) is a member of the Kruppel family of zinc finger transcription factors. It has been shown that BTEB plays a role in promoting neuronal process formation during postembryonic development. In the present study, the biochemical properties, transactivation function, and the developmental and hormone-regulated expression of BTEB in Xenopus laevis (xBTEB) are described. xBTEB binds the GC-rich basic transcription element (BTE) with high affinity and functions as a transcriptional activator on promoters containing multiple or single GC boxes. xBTEB mRNA levels increase in the tadpole brain, intestine and tail during metamorphosis, and are correlated with tissue-specific morphological and biochemical transformations. xBTEB mRNA expression can be induced precociously in premetamorphic tadpole tissues by treatment with thyroid hormone. In situ hybridization histochemistry showed that thyroid hormone upregulates xBTEB mRNA throughout the brain of premetamorphic tadpoles, with the highest expression found in the subventricular zones of the telencephalon, diencephalon, optic tectum, cerebellum and spinal cord. xBTEB protein parallels changes in its mRNA, and it was found that xBTEB is not expressed in mitotic cells in the developing brain, but is expressed just distal to the proliferative zone, supporting the hypothesis that this protein plays a role in neural cell differentiation.

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12392570&dopt=Abstract

Dev Growth Differ. 2002 Oct;44(5):419-25.
BetaFTZ-F1 dependent and independent activation of Edg78E, a pupal cuticle gene, during the early metamorphic period in Drosophila melanogaster.

Kawasaki H, Hirose S, Ueda H.

Science of the Biotic Environment Course, The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Iwate University, Morioka 020-8550, Japan.

Insect metamorphosis is a developmentally important event for formation of adult structures from larval imaginal cells, and it is controlled by the ecdysteroid hormone. At the onset of metamorphosis, both the cuticle gene Edg78E and the transcription factor betaFTZ-F1 are expressed during the mid- to late prepupal period after a large ecdysteroid pulse. Edg78E mRNA is inducible by premature expression of betaFTZ-F1 and the Edg78E expression level is reduced in an ftz-f1 mutant. Using a transgenic fly reporter assay, a 1.2 kb promoter region of the Edg78E gene has been identified, which was sufficient for appropriate temporally and spatially specific expression of the reporter gene LacZ. Within the promoter region, two betaFTZ-F1 binding sites are present and disruption of these sites reduced the expression level of the reporter gene. LacZ expression levels were dramatically reduced in the head and thorax regions but not affected in the abdominal region, suggesting that betaFTZ-F1 is required for high-level Edg78E expression specifically in the head and thorax regions. The findings suggest that betaFTZ-F1 is a regulator for temporal gene expression at the onset of metamorphosis, and that complex mechanisms regulate the temporal and spatial regulation of gene expression during metamorphosis.

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12392575&dopt=Abstract

Gen Comp Endocrinol. 2002 Sep;128(2):91-101.
Effects of environmental osmolality on release of prolactin, growth hormone and ACTH from the tilapia pituitary.

Seale AP, Riley LG, Leedom TA, Kajimura S, Dores RM, Hirano T, Grau EG.

Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology, University of Hawaii, PO Box 1346, Coconut Island, Kaneohe, HI 96744, USA.

Prolactin (PRL) plays a central role in freshwater (FW) adaptation in teleost fish. Evidence now suggests that growth hormone (GH) acts in the seawater (SW) adaptation in at least some euryhaline fish. Reflecting its important role in FW adaptation, plasma levels of PRL(188) and PRL(177) are higher in tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) adapted to FW than in those adapted to SW. A transient but significant increase in plasma GH was observed 6h after transfer from FW to SW. Elevated plasma PRL levels were seen in association with reductions in plasma osmolality after blood withdrawal in FW fish whereas no significant change was seen in plasma GH levels. When pituitaries from FW tilapia were incubated for 7 days, secretion of both PRLs was significantly greater in hyposmotic medium than in hyperosmotic medium for the first 24h. Secretion of GH from the same pituitary was relatively low during this period compared with PRL secretion. No consistent effect of medium osmolality on GH release was seen for the first day, but its cumulative release was increased significantly in hyperosmotic medium after 2 days and thereafter. On the other hand, ACTH release was extremely low compared with the secretion of PRLs and GH and there was no consistent effect of medium osmolality. These results indicate that PRL release from the tilapia pituitary is stimulated both in vivo and in vitro as extracellular osmolality is reduced, whereas the secretion of GH increases temporarily when osmolality is increased. ACTH seems to be relatively insensitive to the changes in environmental osmolality.

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12392682&dopt=Abstract

Gen Comp Endocrinol. 2002 Sep;128(2):102-11.
Endocrine mediators of seasonal growth in gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata): the growth hormone and somatolactin paradigm.

Mingarro M, Vega-Rubin de Celis S, Astola A, Pendon C, Valdivia MM, Perez-Sanchez J.

Instituto de Acuicultura de Torre de la Sal, 12595 Ribera de Cabanes, CSIC, Castellon, Spain.

Regulation of somatolactin (SL) and the somatotropic axis was examined year-around at three different stocking times (spring, summer, and autumn) in a Mediterranean fish, the gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata). The overall timing of plasma growth hormone (GH) increase was similar among trials (late spring-early summer), but the range of variation year-around was different and followed changes in food intake. Total plasma insulin-like growth factor-I primarily followed changes on growth rates, and a close positive correlation between IGF-I and thermal-unit growth coefficient (TGC) was found irrespective of fish stocking time. Thus, the activation of the somatotropic axis preceded always warm growth spurts, whereas the rise of SL in concurrence with low plasma cortisol levels was found at late autumn. This up-regulation of circulating SL titres preceded the winter inhibition of feeding, and it was more severe in big fish (spring and summer stocking times) than in small fish (autumn stocking time), growing with a relative high efficiency during the cold season despite of a severe hypertriglyceridemia and a high hepatosomatic index. These new insights provide good evidence for a different timing of GH and SL increases, and it is likely that the dominant role of SL in energy homeostasis is to be a mediator of the adaptation to fasting after replenishment of body fat stores, whereas GH and IGF-I are perceived as growth-promoting signals in times of food intake and increasing temperature and day-length.

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12392683&dopt=Abstract

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