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Pathogen research abs 1 || Pathogen research abs 2 || Pathogen research abs 3 || Pathogen research abs 4 || Pathogen research abs 5 || Hormone and endocrine research abs 1 || Hormone and endocrine research abs 2 || Hormone and endocrine research abs 3 || Hormone and endocrine research abs 4 || Hormone and endocrine research abs 5

Gen Comp Endocrinol. 2002 Oct 15;129(1):13-9.
Latitudinal variation in plasma testosterone levels in birds of the genus Zonotrichia.

Moore IT, Perfito N, Wada H, Sperry TS, Wingfield JC.

Department of Zoology, Box 351800, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA. moore.washington.edu

Birds breeding in northern latitudes generally have elevated plasma testosterone levels throughout the breeding season with a peak at the onset of the breeding season. In contrast, tropical birds tend to have extremely low plasma testosterone levels year round with only a slight increase during breeding. While these patterns have been consistent in the species investigated, closely related species have not been investigated across a range of latitudes. Birds of the genus Zonotrichia present an ideal opportunity to investigate latitudinal variation in plasma testosterone levels as breeding populations occur from northern Alaska to southern Argentina. We studied three taxa of Zonotrichia: (1) Gambel's white-crowned sparrows, Zonotrichia leucophrys gambelii, breeding at high latitude in northern Alaska, (2) Puget Sound white-crowned sparrows, Z. l. pugetensis, breeding at mid-latitude in Washington state, and (3) an equatorial population of the rufous-collared sparrow, Z. capensis, in Ecuador. To compare both baseline breeding and maximal testosterone levels, males from the three taxa were either bled immediately upon capture during the breeding season or first challenged with gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and then bled. As a control, another group of birds experienced a saline challenge. Two-way ANCOVA, with treatment and taxa as factors and testis volume as a covariate, showed a significant effect of treatment on plasma testosterone levels. There was also a significant interaction between taxa and treatment. Contrary to expectations, the equatorial species exhibited greater plasma testosterone levels in response to the GnRH challenge than the high latitude species. There were no differences between the mid- and high-latitude species. The equatorial species had the smallest average testis size and within each taxa there were no relationships between plasma testosterone and testis size. These data suggest that latitudinal clines in plasma testosterone levels in Zonotrichia do not follow previously described patterns and that tropical birds can have levels of testosterone similar to northern latitude species.

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12409091&dopt=Abstract

Gen Comp Endocrinol. 2002 Oct 15;129(1):39-44.
Age dependent changes in plasma anti-Mullerian hormone concentrations in the bovine male, female, and freemartin from birth to puberty: relationship between testosterone production and influence on sex differentiation.

Rota A, Ballarin C, Vigier B, Cozzi B, Rey R.

Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, University of Padua, Legnaro, Italy. ada.rotnipd.it

To understand the behaviour of the gonads, in terms of hormonal secretion, in a model of intersexual development naturally occurring in mammals, we determined plasma concentrations of testosterone, progesterone, and anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH) in bovine freemartins, and compared them to normal levels measured in males and females from birth to puberty. We found that newborn males and freemartins have very high concentrations of AMH (over 700ng/ml). Conversely, plasma AMH concentration is always below 120ng/ml in females. While values remain stable in males for the first five months of life, they sharply decrease in the freemartins within the first fortnight, and reach female levels, which demonstrates that AMH is essentially originated in the male twin. In young bulls the trend of plasma testosterone concentrations is opposite to that of the AMH. The rise in testosterone production at puberty corresponds to a sharp decline in AMH concentrations. Bovine plasma concentrations of AMH are surprisingly higher than those measured in other mammals, including man and mouse. The results obtained are discussed in reference to comparative aspects of endocrine functions.

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12409094&dopt=Abstract

Gen Physiol Biophys. 1998 Dec;17(4):341-7.
Adjuvant arthritis in the rat is associated with decreased binding of nuclear receptors to thyroid hormone responsive element in spleen extracts.

Brtko J, Jurcovicova J, Schmutzler C, Rokyta R, Svik K, Bobal'ova J.

Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia. ueenbrtavba.savba.sk

In vertebrates, thyroid hormone and its cognate nuclear receptors are involved in a complex arrangement of physiological and developmental function. Since thyroid hormone has also been shown to affect immune responses, we investigated the DNA binding status of T3 receptors of spleen nuclear extracts in a) rats with adjuvant arthritis (AA); b) adrenalectomized rats (ADX), and c) animals with adjuvant arthritis followed by adrenalectomy (AA + ADX). A marked diminution in the functional binding of nuclear thyroid hormone receptors to DR4 thyroid hormone responsive DNA element was found in the spleens of AA and AA + ADX rats when compared to a control group or ADX rats. The data based on in vivo experiments suggest that the nuclear receptor--thyroid hormone responsive element complex status within the cell nucleus may be altered in adjuvant arthritis.

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=10191419&dopt=Abstract

Gen Comp Endocrinol. 2002 Oct 15;129(1):45-55.
Cloning and mRNA expression of the Ca2+-binding DREAM protein in the pituitary.

Leclerc GM, Leclerc GJ, Shorte SL, Stephen Frawley L, Boockfor FR.

Laboratory of Molecular Dynamics, Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston 29425, USA.

It is well recognized that the level of intracellular calcium governs several cellular processes such as gene expression and secretion in the pituitary. Recently, a novel gene has been identified in neuroendocrine cells that encodes DREAM, a calcium-binding protein that acts as a transcriptional repressor by binding specific downstream regulatory elements (DRE) on DNA. To explore the possibility that DREAM may be expressed in the rat pituitary and may function in endocrine activity, we analyzed its mRNA expression by RT-PCR. Using oligonucleotide primers derived from the mouse DREAM cDNA, we amplified, cloned, and characterized a 852-bp RT-PCR product from rat pituitary tissue. Two splice variants of the rat DREAM gene differing by four nucleotides (tetramer ACAG) were identified. The ACAG(+) variant (ORF1) consisted of 768bp encoding a protein of 256 residues with an estimated molecular weight of 29.5kDa. Amino acid sequence analysis of ORF1 indicated 92.6% and 98.1% identity to the DREAM gene product from human and mouse, respectively. The second variant, ACAG(-) (ORF2), was 567-bp long and was predicted to encode a peptide of 189 residues with a molecular mass of about 20.8kDa. To determine which endocrine pituitary cells were expressing DREAM, we evaluated several different clonal populations containing cells that expressed specific pituitary hormones. We found that both DREAM splice variants were expressed in each pituitary cell types examined, which included the mammotropes (MMQ cells), somatotropes (GC cells), mammosomatotropes (GH(3) cells), gonadotropes (LbetaT2 cells), thyrotropes (TalphaT1 cells), and corticotropes (AtT-20 cells). Interestingly, the levels of the two variants differed between the cell types tested with the ACAG(+) variant comprising about two-thirds of the DREAM expression for the mammotropes, somatotropes, mammosomatotropes, and corticotropes as compared to less than one-half for the thyrotropes and the gonadotropes. Our initial attempts to identify pituitary-specific genes regulated by DREAM revealed that prolactin gene expression was not influenced by DREAM suggesting that an action of DREAM may involve other pituitary hormones or be mediated by other cell processes. When taken together, our findings of DREAM expression in the pituitary in a manner specific to pituitary endocrine cell type raises the possibility that this protein may play a role in determining specific pituitary cell function.

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12409095&dopt=Abstract

Regul Pept. 2002 Nov 15;109(1-3):27-37.
Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide and growth hormone-releasing hormone-like peptide in sturgeon, whitefish, grayling, flounder and halibut: cDNA sequence, exon skipping and evolution.

Adams BA, Lescheid DW, Vickers ED, Crim LW, Sherwood NM.

Department of Biology, University of Victoria, BC, Canada.

To better understand the evolution of pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) and growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH), we isolated the cDNAs encoding these peptides from the brains of five species of fish: sturgeon, whitefish, grayling, flounder and halibut. Both hormones are encoded in tandem in full-length cDNAs. We compared the phylogenetic relationship among these and other known sequences encoding PACAP. In closely related species, transcripts encoding PACAP and GHRH are strongly conserved in the hormone coding regions, moderately conserved in the signal peptide, cryptic peptide and 3'-untranslated regions, but are most varied in the 5'-untranslated regions.Next, we compared the deduced amino acid sequences for the peptides to known sequences. Sturgeon and whitefish have a PACAP(38) peptide sequence that is 92% conserved compared to human PACAP(38), the highest for a fish reported to date. GHRH is the lesser conserved of the two peptides with only 39% to 45% conservation between fish and human.Each of the five fish species had a second cDNA encoding a short precursor lacking GHRH(1-32), the bioactive portion of GHRH. This suggests that exon skipping in GHRH-PACAP transcripts may be an important mechanism for regulating the ratio of PACAP to GHRH peptides.

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12409211&dopt=Abstract

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