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Pathogen research abs 1 || Pathogen research abs 2 || Pathogen research abs 3 || Pathogen research abs 4 || Pathogen research abs 5 || Hormone and endocrine research abs 1 || Hormone and endocrine research abs 2 || Hormone and endocrine research abs 3 || Hormone and endocrine research abs 4 || Hormone and endocrine research abs 5

Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2002 Nov 12;99(23):15048-53. Epub 2002 Oct 30.
Effects of long-term treatment with the luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) agonist Decapeptyl and the LHRH antagonist Cetrorelix on the levels of pituitary LHRH receptors and their mRNA expression in rats.

Horvath JE, Bajo AM, Schally AV, Kovacs M, Herbert F, Groot K.

Endocrine, Polypeptide, and Cancer Institute, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA.

The effects of depot formulations of the luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) agonist Decapeptyl (25 microg/day) for 30 days or LHRH antagonist Cetrorelix pamoate (100 microg/day) for 30 days and daily injections of 100 microg of Decapeptyl for 10 days on the expression of mRNA for pituitary LHRH receptor (LHRH-R) and the levels of LHRH-R protein were evaluated in rats. Serum sex steroid concentrations and the weights of the reproductive organs were greatly reduced in all groups treated with analogs, demonstrating an efficient blockade of the pituitary-gonadal axis. Decapeptyl microcapsules elevated serum LH in female rats, but decreased it in male rats. LHRH-R mRNA expression in female pituitaries was reduced to 41% and 56-65% on days 10 and 30, respectively, whereas LHRH-R protein was 64% of control on day 10 and returned to pretreatment levels on day 30. Decapeptyl microcapsules reduced LHRH-R mRNA expression in male pituitaries to 58% on day 30 but not LHRH-R protein. Daily injections of Decapeptyl caused a desensitization of LH responses in female rats, while raising LHRH-R mRNA expression in female rats by 23% and LHRH-R protein levels by 119%. Cetrorelix pamoate reduced serum LH in female rats and diminished LHRH-R mRNA to 30% and 26% and LHRH-R protein to 57% and 48% on days 10 and 30, respectively. Elevated LHRH-R protein levels of ovariectomized rats were reduced after 10-day treatment with Cetrorelix or 100 microg/day Decapeptyl. Thus, changes in the mRNA expression after treatment with Cetrorelix, but not always Decapeptyl, paralleled those of LHRH-R protein. The inhibitory effect of Cetrorelix on serum LH, pituitary LHRH-R mRNA, and LHRH-R protein was greater than that of Decapeptyl.

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12409615&dopt=Abstract

Ann Surg. 2002 Nov;236(5):564-9.
Applicability of intraoperative parathyroid hormone assay during thyroidectomy.

Lo CY, Luk JM, Tam SC.

Department of Surgery and Division of Clinical Biochemistry, the University of Hong Kong Medical Centre, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong, China. cylkucc.hku.hk

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the applicability of intraoperative parathyroid hormone (quick PTH) assay to monitor parathyroid function and to identify clinically significant hypocalcemia compared with postoperative serum calcium monitoring. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: Close monitoring of serum calcium levels is a standard of care to identify post-thyroidectomy hypocalcemia due to parathyroid insufficiency. METHODS: Quick PTH assay was performed before and after thyroidectomy for 100 patients at risk of postoperative hypocalcemia and 20 control patients who underwent unilateral lobectomy. Postoperative serum calcium levels were closely monitored. RESULTS: Control patients had a normal but 38.9 +/- 5.9% (mean +/- SEM) decline in quick PTH after thyroidectomy. Eleven of 100 at-risk patients (11%) developed postoperative hypocalcemia. Hypocalcemic patients had significantly lower quick PTH values after thyroidectomy compared with that of normocalcemic patients. Serum calcium was significantly lower in hypocalcemic patients the morning after operation but not early after the operation (within 6 hours). A normal or less than 75% decline in quick PTH after thyroidectomy can accurately identify normocalcemic patients during surgery as compared to more than 24 hours by serum calcium monitoring. CONCLUSIONS: The quick PTH assay can monitor parathyroid function during thyroidectomy and identify patients at risk of clinically significant hypocalcemia much earlier than serum calcium monitoring. It may facilitate early discharge and the use of parathyroid autotransplantation during thyroidectomy.

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12409661&dopt=Abstract

J Dairy Res. 1999 Feb;66(1):23-33.
Effect of endocrine and paracrine factors on protein synthesis and cell proliferation in bovine hoof tissue culture.

Hendry KA, MacCallum AJ, Knight CH, Wilde CJ.

Hannah Research Institute, Ayr, UK.

Laminitis is a major cause of lameness in dairy cattle, and is widely attributed to a defect in the horny tissue that gives the hoof its mechanical strength. Defective horn is associated with, and may be preceded by, impaired keratin deposition in the hoof epidermis. The cause of abnormal keratin deposition is not easily identified but, like epidermal keratinization in other tissues, is likely to be controlled by hormones and the paracrine action of locally produced growth factors. The hormonal regulation of keratin synthesis and cell proliferation in the bovine hoof was studied using tissue explants in organ culture. As the highest incidence of laminitis is in early lactation, the study focused on insulin, cortisol and prolactin, three hormones implicated in lactogenesis and galactopoiesis. Incubation of tissue explants for 24 h in medium containing insulin (10-5000 ng/ml) stimulated protein synthesis measured by incorporation of 35S-labelled amino acids. Histochemical examination showed that insulin binding co-localized with the site of protein synthesis. Insulin also stimulated DNA synthesis, an index of cell proliferation, which was measured by incorporation of [3H]methyl thymidine. Cortisol (10-5000 ng/ml) decreased protein synthesis, whereas prolactin (10-5000 ng/ml) had no significant effect on protein or DNA synthesis. Epidermal growth factor (10-200 ng/ml), a potent inhibitor of keratinization in other tissues, stimulated protein synthesis compared with untreated controls. Epidermal growth factor binding was located microscopically to the germinal and differentiating epidermal layers. SDS-PAGE and fluorography showed that the population of proteins synthesized in the presence of any hormone or growth factor combination did not differ from that in untreated controls and included the keratins involved in horn deposition. The results show that bovine hoof keratinization is under endocrine and growth factor control, and suggest that systemic changes in lactogenic hormones may act to inhibit keratin deposition.

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=10191470&dopt=Abstract

Epidemiology. 2002 Nov;13(6):675-84.
Ovarian hormones in premenopausal women: variation by demographic, reproductive and menstrual cycle characteristics.

Windham GC, Elkin E, Fenster L, Waller K, Anderson M, Mitchell PR, Lasley B, Swan SH.

Department of Health Services, Division of Environmental and Occupational Disease Control, Oakland, CA 94612, USA. gwindhahs.ca.gov

BACKGROUND: Ovarian function influences many areas of concern in women's health, including breast cancer and other chronic diseases. However, ovarian function has been little studied in healthy, premenopausal women, partly because of cyclical variation. METHODS: We measured biomarkers of ovarian function (daily urinary metabolites of estrogen and progesterone) among 411 women age 18-39 years, who were Kaiser Permanente members in Northern California in 1990-1991. We have summarized the hormone metabolite levels of about 1,500 cycles and examined their associations with demographic and menstrual cycle characteristics. RESULTS: Cycles with a short follicular phase showed elevations of 10-13% in both baseline (days 1-5) and average follicular-phase estrogen metabolite levels, as well as some elevations in progesterone metabolites. Progesterone metabolite levels were directly related to the length of the luteal phase. Compared with whites, Hispanics had estrogen metabolite levels that were 7-13% higher in the follicular and luteal phases, whereas nonwhite, non-Hispanic women (primarily Asians) had slightly lower levels. Generally, women with a prior pregnancy or those with a later age at menarche had lower estrogen metabolite levels, whereas women with prior induced abortions had higher levels. Luteal-phase progesterone metabolite levels tended to be lower among women who were overweight, were less educated, were older at their first livebirth, or had an induced abortion. CONCLUSIONS: Some menstrual cycle characteristics provide a crude surrogate of the hormonal milieu, particularly luteal-phase length and progesterone levels. Hormone levels varied by reproductive characteristics, potentially explaining their relevance to breast cancer risk.

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12410009&dopt=Abstract

J Pediatr. 2002 Nov;141(5):606-10.
Is insulin-like growth factor-1 monitoring useful in assessing the response to growth hormone of growth hormone-deficient children?

Lanes R, Jakubowicz S.

Pediatric Endocrine Unit, Hospital de Clinicas Caracas, Venezuela.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the relationship between insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), the growth hormone (GH) dose utilized to treat GH-deficient children and the changes noticed in height-standard deviation score (H-SDS) and height velocity (HV). STUDY DESIGN: We studied 24 prepubertal GH-deficient patients with a mean age of 10.5 +/- 1.8 years and a mean bone age (BA) of 8.4 +/- 2.1 years. H-SDS for chronologic age (CA) and BA before therapy were -2.6 +/- 0.8 and -1.2 +/- 0.8, whereas height velocity (HV)-SDS was -1.1 +/- 1.5. Serum IGF-1 and insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3) levels were measured before, after 6 and 12 months of GH, and correlated with the GH dose used. Based on the increment of IGF-1 used during treatment, patients were divided into 2 groups: G1 (>1 SDS) and G2 (<1 SDS). HV-SDS and interval height increases were analyzed. RESULTS: HV-SDS, as well as H-SDS for CA and BA during the first year of treatment, were significantly greater than before therapy. IGF-1 SDS increased significantly during the first 6 months of therapy (P <.0003), but increased no further at 12 months despite the use of a higher GH dose (0.1 vs 0.14 IU/kg/day), whereas IGFBP-3 SDS increased at both 6 and 12 months. There was no correlation between the GH dose used and IGF-1 and IGFBP-3 levels. When patients were divided according to their IGF-1 increment during therapy, a significant increase in H-SDS for BA and in HV-SDS was noted only in group 2. CONCLUSIONS: The increment in IGF-1 SDS during therapy did not correlate with the interval height increase. IGF-1 measurement may be helpful in monitoring compliance and safety, but seems to be less useful in adjusting the GH dose needed to treat prepubertal GH-deficient children.

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12410186&dopt=Abstract

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Hair Loss, or alopecia is a concern for increasing number of folks in aging society. Loss of hair is a visible problem, and affects the appearance and changes identity of a person.
The phenomenon of hair thinning and hair loss is most commonly associated with natural aging, although there are many other causes of hair loss, which include inherited or genetic conditions, illnesses, malnutrition, stress, hormonal problems, chemotherapy, and use of some drugs.
Hair growth is a sophisticated biological process, which has not yet been completely understood. A multitude of therapeutic measures, including drugs, surgery, and suppelements have been made available, and used. However, due to the heterogeneity in the underlying cause, there is no perfect cure for all hair loss cases. Most of chemical drugs and hair transplantation surgeries are not free from varying degrees of undesirable side effects on health.

Hair Million is an alternative solution to hair loss problems. Anecdotally, it shows prositive results and improvement for age-related hair thinning and hair loss for a fraction of people who take it. We do not know the mechanisms of action as to how Hair Million works to help stop hair loss, and promote hair growth. We only know by anecdotal observations. There has been no clinical trials nor placebo controlled statistical analysis on the efficacy of Hair Million on hair loss and hair growth. However, there are two merits in this hair restoration herbal formula:
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