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J Interferon Cytokine Res. 2000 Dec;20(12):1049-55.
Effects of hypothermia and hyperthermia on cytokine production by cultured human mononuclear phagocytes from adults and newborns.

Fairchild KD, Viscardi RM, Hester L, Singh IS, Hasday JD.

Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 20201, USA. kfairchileds.umaryland.edu

We have shown previously that febrile range temperatures modify cytokine production by adult macrophages. In this study, we compared the effects of moderate hyperthermia and hypothermia on the kinetics of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced cytokine expression in monocytes and macrophages of newborns and adults. During culture at 40 degrees C, the initial rates of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta) secretion were preserved, but the duration of secretion was shorter than the duration at 37 degrees C. TNF-alpha and IL1-beta concentrations in 24-h 40 degrees C culture supernatants were reduced 18%-50%. IL-6 concentration in 24-h 40 degrees C cultures was reduced 26%-29% in all cells except adult macrophages. At 32 degrees C, changes in early (2 h) and sustained (24 h) cytokine expression were reversed compared with those caused by hyperthermia. Culturing adult macrophages at 32 degrees C blunted early secretion of TNF-alpha and IL-6 by 69% and 65%, respectively, and increased TNF-alpha concentration at 24 h by 48% compared with levels at 37 degrees C. In adult monocytes cultured at 32 degrees C, early IL-6 and IL-1 beta secretion was decreased 64% and 51%, respectively. We speculate that the burst/suppression cytokine profile at febrile temperatures might enhance early activation of host defenses and prevent prolonged exposure to potentially cytotoxic cytokines. Hypothermia, on the other hand, may worsen outcome in infections by delaying and prolonging cytokine production.

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11152570&dopt=Abstract

J Interferon Cytokine Res. 2000 Dec;20(12):1057-63.
Modulation of IgE response and cytokine production in Peyer's patches and draining lymph nodes in sensitized mice made tolerant by oral dust mite administration.

Maciel M, Fusaro AE, Duarte AJ, Sato MN.

Laboratorio de Alergia e Imunologia Clinica e Experimental/LIM-56, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo-Brasil.

Such allergic diseases as rhinitis and asthma are IgE-mediated type I reactions and are controlled primarily by Th2 cells. One of the major dust mites, Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (Dp), is considered to cause allergic reactions. Oral tolerance, largely used to modulate immune response, opens the possibility of modulating Th2 allergic responses. We observed downmodulation of total and specific IgE antibody levels as well as the number of specific IgE-secreting cells with Dp feeding in previously sensitized mice. Analysis of the cytokine profile in mucosal lymphoid tissues in the protocol revealed altered patterns of interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), interleukin-5 (IL-5), and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) secretion in Dp-fed animals. The results suggest that both the Th and B cell populations are modulated in mice made tolerant by oral Dp feeding. Understanding the mechanisms at the mucosal level that underlie oral tolerance can improve its use in allergy immunotherapy.

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11152571&dopt=Abstract

AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2003 May;180(5):1379-84.
Permanent transarterial embolization of neuroendocrine metastases of the liver using cyanoacrylate and lipiodol: assessment of mid- and long-term results.

Loewe C, Schindl M, Cejna M, Niederle B, Lammer J, Thurnher S.

Department of Radiology, Division of Angiography and Interventional Radiology, University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of our study was to assess the results of hepatic artery embolization using N-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate and ethiodized oil for the treatment of small-bowel neuroendocrine metastases to the liver as part of a multimodality protocol for the treatment of liver metastases from neuroendocrine small-bowel tumors. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty-three patients underwent permanent embolization of the hepatic artery using cyanoacrylate and Lipiodol for treatment of liver metastases after radical resection of small-bowel neuroendocrine tumors. All patients received additional treatment including somatostatin, and most patients received interferon as well. Cumulative survival rates were estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method. RESULTS: Overall, 75 embolizations (range, 1-10; mean, 3.3) were performed. Median survival time was 69 months, and the estimated cumulative survival rates reached 95.7% and 65.4% for 1 and 5 years, respectively. Two deaths (8.7%) occurred within 1 month of treatment, and one patient experienced a vascular complication at the time of embolization. CONCLUSION: Permanent embolization of hepatic arteries as part of a multimodality treatment protocol is beneficial in long-term follow-up for patients with metastasized small-bowel neuroendocrine tumors. The use of cyanoacrylate as an embolic agent is safe and effective.

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12704055&dopt=Abstract

J Interferon Cytokine Res. 2000 Dec;20(12):1065-70.
Erythropoietin receptors that signal through Stat5 or Stat3 support fetal liver and adult erythropoiesis: lack of specificity of stat signals during red blood cell development.

Watowich SS, Mikami A, Busche RA, Xie X, Pharr PN, Longmore GD.

Department of Immunology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA. swatowiail.mdanderson.org

Erythropoietin (Epo) is essential for formation of mature red blood cells (RBC). However, the function of Epo receptor (EpoR)-dependent signaling pathways in the regulation of erythropoiesis remains unclear. To determine whether specific Stat signals are required for RBC development, we changed the Stat signaling specificity of the EpoR. The wild-type EpoR activates only Stat5. Thus, we substituted the major Stat5 binding sites (residues 343 and 401) in the EpoR cytoplasmic region with the Stat3 binding/activation motif from gp130. We demonstrated that activated EpoRs containing a single substitution stimulate Stat5 and Stat3, whereas an EpoR with both substitutions stimulates Stat3 but not Stat5. We then determined the ability of these receptors to support fetal liver and adult erythropoiesis. Our results show that erythropoiesis is stimulated by EpoRs that activate Stat5, both Stat5 and Stat3, or Stat3 in place of Stat5. These findings demonstrate that the specificity of EpoR Stat signaling is not essential for RBC development.

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11152572&dopt=Abstract

J Interferon Cytokine Res. 2000 Dec;20(12):1071-6.
Effect of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor on the generation of epidermal Langerhans cells.

Burnham K, Robb L, Scott CL, O'Keeffe M, Shortman K.

Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA. burnhakstate.edu

The role of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and Flt3 ligand in the in vivo development of Langerhans cells (LC) was assessed, considering both the steady-state levels of LC in the epidermis and the rate of LC recovery after depletion following lipopolysaccharide (LPS) treatment. The density of LC was determined by counting following IA-specific immunofluorescent staining of epidermal sections from mouse ears. LC levels were compared in beta common chain receptor null (beta c(-/-)) mice that fail to respond to GM-CSF interleukin-5 (IL-5), in GM-CSF transgenic mice with elevated GM-CSF levels, and in mice given daily injections of Flt3 ligand. In the steady state, LC levels were increased in GM-CSF transgenic mice and present at reduced levels in beta c(-/-) mice but unchanged in Flt3 ligand-injected mice. Application of LPS to the ears of control BL/6 mice led to an approximately 70% reduction in LC 4 days later, with recovery beginning by day 8 and a return to normal levels by 2 weeks. This recovery was significantly delayed in beta c(-/-) mice and unchanged in Flt3 ligand-injected mice. These results suggest that GM-CSF (but not Flt3 ligand) enhances recruitment/maturation of LC even though GM-CSF is not essential for their formation.

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11152573&dopt=Abstract

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