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Fatty acids resources:

Pathogen research abs 1 || Pathogen research abs 2 || Pathogen research abs 3 || Pathogen research abs 4 || Pathogen research abs 5 || Hormone and endocrine research abs 1 || Hormone and endocrine research abs 2 || Hormone and endocrine research abs 3 || Hormone and endocrine research abs 4 || Hormone and endocrine research abs 5 || Follicle and follicular cells research abs 1 || Interferon research abs 1





J Biol Chem. 1999 Mar 12;274(11):7216-25.
Alternative endocytic pathway for immunoglobulin A Fc receptors (CD89) depends on the lack of FcRgamma association and protects against degradation of bound ligand.

Launay P, Patry C, Lehuen A, Pasquier B, Blank U, Monteiro RC.

INSERM, Unite 25, Hopital Necker, 75743 Paris, France.

IgA is the most abundant immunoglobulin in mucosal areas but is only the second most common antibody isotype in serum because it is catabolized faster than IgG. IgA exists in monomeric and polymeric forms that function through receptors expressed on effector cells. Here, we show that IgA Fc receptor(s) (FcalphaR) are expressed with or without the gamma chain on monocytes and neutrophils. gamma-less FcalphaR represent a significant fraction of surface FcalphaR molecules even on cells overexpressing the gamma chain. The FcalphaR-gamma2 association is up-regulated by phorbol esters and interferon-gamma. To characterize gamma-less FcalphaR functionally, we generated mast cell transfectants expressing wild-type human FcalphaR or a receptor with a point mutation (Arg --> Leu at position 209) which was unable to associate with the gamma chain. Mutant gamma-less FcalphaR bound monomeric and polymeric human IgA1 or IgA2 but failed to induce exocytosis after receptor clustering. The two types of transfectant showed similar kinetics of FcalphaR-mediated endocytosis; however, the endocytosis pathways of the two types of receptor differed. Whereas mutant FcalphaR were localized mainly in early endosomes, those containing FcalphaR-gamma2 were found in endo-lysosomal compartments. Mutant gamma-less FcalphaR recycled the internalized IgA toward the cell surface and protected against IgA degradation. Cells expressing the two forms of FcalphaR, associated or unassociated with gamma chains, may thus have differential functions either by degrading IgA antibody complexes or by recycling serum IgA.


online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=10066783&dopt=Abstract



J Dermatol. 1999 Jan;26(1):23-8.
Differential expression of interferon gamma by mitogen-stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells among Kuwaiti psoriasis patients.

Mahmoud F, Abul H, al-Seleh Q, Morgan G, Haines D, al-Ramly M, Burleson J, Kreutzer D.

Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences and Nursing, Kuwait University, Sulaibekhat, Kuwait.

Most diseases exhibit characteristic profiles of cytokine expression, broadly subdivided into Th1, involving primarily cell-mediated responses, of which Interferon-gamma (INF-gamma), Interleukin-2 (IL-2) and Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) are hallmarks, and Th2 processes, which often involve activation of the humoral arm of the immune system, resulting in elevated levels of IL-4, IL-5 and IL-10. Psoriasis, a disorder characterized by disfiguring skin lesions and elevated levels of activated CD4+ T helper lymphocytes in both peripheral blood and lesional tissue, exhibits a profile of cytokine expression that includes high levels of TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma, with low IL-5 and IL-10, indicating that immunologically, the pathogenesis of the disease is Th1. In this study, we report the results of an investigation of peripheral blood mononuclear cell cytokine expression among Kuwaiti psoriasis patients; we demonstrated two patterns of IFN-gamma production which may suggest differing pathogeneses. Whole, haparinized blood was donated by 17 patients with active psoriasis and 11 healthy control subject. Mononuclear cells were isolated by density centrifugation and cultured for 3 days in the presence or absence of a mitogen (PHA). Supernatants were assayed for IFN-gamma (a Th1 marker) and IL-10 (a Th2 marker) by enzyme-linked immunoabsorption assay (ELISA). IFN-gamma expression by both PHA-stimulated and unstimulated cultures from psoriatics significantly exceeded that of controls (p < 0.001), whereas no significant differences in IL-10 expression were noted between psoriatic and control subjects. Stimulation indices (cytokine concentration in PHA-stimulated/unstimulated cultures, SI) for psoriatic subjects were significantly higher than those of controls for IFN-gamma (p = 0.000), but not for IL-10. Ratios of SI (SI IFN-gamma/SL IL-10) for the psoriatic subjects also were significantly greater for the psoriatic subjects than for the controls (p = 0.003). However, within the psoriatic group, eight patients failed to show the expected elevation of IFN-gamma/IL-10 ratio as a result of high unstimulated levels of IFN-gamma production. The divergence of IFN-gamma expression within the psoriatic group may indicate two different modes of T lymphocyte activation contributing to the pathogenesis of psoriasis in this study.


online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=10063208&dopt=Abstract



Clin Exp Allergy. 1999 Feb;29(2):207-16.
IFN-gamma is only partially restored by co-stimulation with IL-12, IL-2, IL-15, IL-18 or engagement of CD28.

Jung T, Witzak K, Dieckhoff K, Zachmann K, Heidrich S, Aversa G, Neumann C.

Department of Dermatology, University Gottingen, Germany.

BACKGROUND: Although it is well established that T cells derived from patients with atopic diseases produce low levels of interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), the mechanisms responsible for this phenomenon are poorly understood. OBJECTIVES: To elucidate whether IFN-gamma production may be restored by co-stimulatory molecules known to increase IFN-gamma production in vitro. Further, to investigate whether deficient IFN-gamma production is associated with disease activity. METHODS: Purified peripheral T cells obtained from patients with severe atopic dermatitis (AD), individuals with a history but no symptoms of AD and healthy control subjects were activated with anti-CD3 MoAbs in the presence or absence of anti-CD28 MoAbs, interleukin (IL-) 12, IL-2, IL-15 or IL-18. IFN-gamma production was determined at the single cell level by flow cytometry, as well as by ELISA. RESULTS: Activated T cells from patients with severe AD produced less IFN-gamma than T cells from healthy control individuals. IL-12 or engagement of CD28 enhanced IFN-gamma production in both healthy and atopic T cells. However, absolute values of IFN-gamma were still different. IL-2, IL-15 and IL-18 did not restore IFN-gamma production. T cells from individuals with a history of AD produced more IFN-gamma than those from subjects with severe AD, but less than T cells from healthy individuals. Atopic T cells expressed regular levels of CD3, CD28 and Stat4, the main signal transducer and activator of transcription for IL-12. IL-4, IL-10 and TGF-beta production by T cells were not different between healthy and atopic individuals. CONCLUSION: IFN-gamma deficiency in atopic T cells is not due to a lack of responsiveness to CD28, IL-12, IL-2, IL-15 or IL-18. T cell-derived cytokines able to antagonize IFN-gamma do not contribute to decreased IFN-gamma production. The extent of IFN-gamma deficiency seems to be dependent on disease activity.


online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=10051725&dopt=Abstract



Scand J Infect Dis. 1998;30(5):441-6.
Comparison of 3 quantitative HCV RNA assays--accuracy of baseline viral load to predict treatment outcome in chronic hepatitis C.

Reichard O, Norkrans G, Fryden A, Braconier JH, Sonnerborg A, Weiland O.

Department of Infectious Diseases, Danderyd University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.

The correlation between 3 assays for hepatitis C virus (HCV) RNA quantification and their respective accuracy in predicting the response to interferon and interferon/ribavirin therapy was evaluated by analysing pre-treatment sera from 100 patients. A total of 97%, 100%, and 98% of the patients tested positive by the branched DNA 2.0 assay (Quantiplex), a multi-cycle reversed transcriptase polymerase chain reaction quantitative assay (Superquant) and the Roche Amplicor Monitor assay, respectively. The correlations between the assays, in all patients and in the major genotypes 1, 2, and 3, were significant, although the levels detected by the Amplicor Monitor assay were more than 1 log lower than by the other assays. Sustained virological responders to interferon therapy, but not to combination therapy, had lower baseline viral levels than long-term non-responders (p = 0.002 by Quantiplex 2.0; p = 0.008 by Superquant; p = 0.06 by Roche Amplicor Monitor). Pre-treatment viral load greater than 3 x 10(6) Eq or copies/ml by the Quantiplex 2.0 and Superquant assays and greater than 100,000 copies/ml by the Amplicor Monitor assay predicted long-term non-response in 94%, 93% and 91% of the interferon treated patients, respectively. In conclusion, acceptable correlations between available commercial quantitative assays were found. High baseline viral load predicted long-term non-response to interferon monotherapy, whereas it did not to interferon/ribavirin combination therapy.


online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=10066040&dopt=Abstract



J Infect Dis. 1999 Apr;179(4):755-62.
Early immune activation in acute dengue illness is related to development of plasma leakage and disease severity.

Green S, Vaughn DW, Kalayanarooj S, Nimmannitya S, Suntayakorn S, Nisalak A, Lew R, Innis BL, Kurane I, Rothman AL, Ennis FA.

Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA. Sharone. Greemassmed.edu.

T lymphocyte activation and increased cytokine levels have been described in retrospective studies of children presenting with dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF). Serial plasma samples obtained in a prospective study of Thai children presenting with <72 h of fever were studied. Plasma levels of 80-kDa soluble tumor necrosis factor receptors (sTNFRs) were higher in children who developed DHF than in those with dengue fever (DF) or other nondengue febrile illnesses (OFIs) and were correlated with the degree of subsequent plasma leakage. Soluble CD8 and soluble interleukin-2 receptor levels were also elevated in children with DHF compared with those with DF. Interferon-gamma and sTNFR 60-kDa levels were higher in children with dengue than in those with OFIs. TNF-alpha was detectable more often in DHF than in DF or OFIs (P<.05). These results support the hypothesis that immune activation contributes to the pathogenesis of DHF. Further studies evaluating the predictive value of sTNFR80 for DHF are warranted.


online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=10068569&dopt=Abstract







Natural Herbal Supplement: Hair Million


Hair loss alone does not pose significant health problems. In fact, there are people who opt for baldness as an alternative hair style. However, in general, however, hair loss is not considered desirable.

The most ostensive feature that distinguishes us human from chimps and other primates is the lack of bodily hair. During evolutionary process, we have lost the majority of hair. Hair is no longer a biologically essential part of our body, just like appendix. The hair we still have on our scalp and a few other bodily parts is still regarded as significant for reasons other than biological necessity. Hair loss is naturally accompanied by aging process, although the extent of hair loss and the timing of onset vary widely among individuals. Thus, loss of hair and baldness is considered as a symbol of maturity or old age. Like winkles and other signs of aging, hair loss is not welcome by most people, because we don't welcome aging, and being perceived as an aging person. However, it is alopecia, or premature hair loss that especially concerns certain people.

While the hair loss and resulting baldness in general have not been proven to be related to underlying health problems, there are certain correlations between hair loss and health problems. For instance, premature hair loss could suggest premature aging or nutritional and hormonal imbalance, stressful life, use of drugs that cause hair loss as a side effect, skin disease, or heart disease. The balding appearance could also impart a subdued impression of integrity in bodily health and youthfulness.












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