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Infect Immun. 2001 Feb;69(2):1151-9.
The Common vaccine adjuvant aluminum hydroxide up-regulates accessory properties of human monocytes via an interleukin-4-dependent mechanism.

Ulanova M, Tarkowski A, Hahn-Zoric M, Hanson LA.

Department of Clinical Immunology, Goteborg University, S-41346 Goteborg, Sweden. marina.ulanovmmuno.gu.se

Aluminum adjuvants are widely used in human vaccines based on their ability to enhance antibody production. However, the mechanisms underlying these effects remain unknown. In the present study we assessed the direct in vitro effect of aluminum hydroxide on human peripheral blood monocytes, specifically with regard to its impact on the phenotype and functional properties of this cell population. Our results revealed significant changes in the accessory properties of monocytes following short-term exposure of cultured cells to aluminum hydroxide. Thus, flow cytometry analyses showed an increase in the expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II, CD40, CD54, CD58, CD83, and CD86 molecules on the monocytes. In addition, many cells in the cultures containing aluminum hydroxide acquired typical dendritic morphology. Increased synthesis of interleukin-4 (IL-4) mRNA, but not gamma interferon mRNA, was also noted after exposure to aluminum hydroxide. The increase in cell surface expression of MHC class II did not occur in the presence of neutralizing IL-4 antibody or in cultures of highly purified monocytes or CD4-depleted mononuclear cells. Our findings suggest that aluminum hydroxide directly stimulates monocytes to produce proinflammatory cytokines activating T cells. Activated Th2 cells release IL-4, which in turn can induce an increase in the expression of MHC class II molecules on monocytes. The increase in the expression of antigen-presenting and costimulatory molecules leads to enhanced accessory functions of monocytes. These properties of aluminum hydroxide observed in vitro may explain its potent in vivo adjuvant effect.

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11160013&dopt=Abstract

Infect Immun. 2001 Feb;69(2):1192-8.
Expression, extracellular secretion, and immunogenicity of the Plasmodium falciparum sporozoite surface protein 2 in Salmonella vaccine strains.

Gomez-Duarte OG, Pasetti MF, Santiago A, Sztein MB, Hoffman SL, Levine MM.

Center for Vaccine Development, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA.

Deleting transmembrane alpha-helix motifs from Plasmodium falciparum sporozoite surface protein (SSP-2) allowed its secretion from Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium SL3261 and S. enterica serovar Typhi CVD 908-htrA by the Hly type I secretion system. In mice immunized intranasally, serovar Typhimurium constructs secreting SSP-2 stimulated greater gamma interferon splenocyte responses than did nonsecreting constructs (P = 0.04).

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11160021&dopt=Abstract

Infect Immun. 2001 Feb;69(2):1202-6.
DNA immunization by Plasmodium falciparum liver-stage antigen 3 induces protection against Plasmodium yoelii sporozoite challenge.

Sauzet JP, Perlaza BL, Brahimi K, Daubersies P, Druilhe P.

Laboratoire de Parasitologie Medicale, Institut Pasteur, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France.

DNA-based immunization of mice by Plasmodium falciparum liver-stage antigen 3 (PfLSA3), a novel highly conserved P. falciparum preerythrocytic antigen, was evaluated. Animals developed a dominant Th1 immune response (high gamma interferon T-cell responses and predominance of immunoglobulin G2a) to each of three recombinant proteins spanning the molecule. We have exploited the immunological cross-reactivity of PfLSA3 with its putative homologue on sporozoites of the rodent parasite Plasmodium yoelii, and we show for the first time that responses induced by PfLSA3 in mice significantly protect against a heterologous challenge by P. yoelii sporozoites. These results support a significant effect of DNA-induced immune responses on preerythrocytic stages.

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11160023&dopt=Abstract

J Appl Physiol. 2001 Feb;90(2):678-84.
Prolonged exercise suppresses antigen-specific cytokine response to upper respiratory infection.

Kohut ML, Boehm GW, Moynihan JA.

The Center for Psychoneuroimmunology Research, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York 14642, USA. mkohuastate.edu

Fatiguing exercise has been associated with an increased susceptibility to infection. This study examined the antigen-specific T-helper (Th) type 1 and Th type 2 cytokine response to herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection after an acute bout of fatiguing exercise. Male BALB/cJ mice ran on a treadmill (Ex) until voluntary fatigue (approximately 2.5 h), and control mice were handled and remained next to the treadmill. Mice were infected with HSV 20 min after exercise. Mice were killed 2 or 7 days postinfection, and sera and spleens were taken for the determination of HSV-specific serum IgM, splenocyte cytokine production during culture with HSV, and splenocyte natural killer cell cytotoxicity. Both Th type 1 [interleukin (IL)-2, interferon-gamma, IL-12] and Th type 2 (IL-10) cytokine production in spleen cell cultures, as well as natural killer cell cytotoxicity, decreased in Ex on day 2 postinfection. On day 7 postinfection, there was no difference in HSV-specific serum IgM or cytokine production by cells from control and Ex mice, with the exception of decreased IL-12 in Ex mice. These findings suggest that fatiguing exercise may alter the kinetics of antigen-specific cytokine production.

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11160069&dopt=Abstract

J Immunol. 2001 Feb 1;166(3):1790-5.
Expression of Mig (monokine induced by interferon-gamma) is important in T lymphocyte recruitment and host defense following viral infection of the central nervous system.

Liu MT, Armstrong D, Hamilton TA, Lane TE.

Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.

Induction of a Th1 immune response against viral infection of the CNS is important in contributing to viral clearance. The present studies demonstrate a role for the T cell chemoattractant chemokine Mig (monokine induced by IFN-gamma) in contributing to a Th1 response against mouse hepatitis virus infection of the CNS. Analysis of the kinetics of Mig expression revealed mRNA transcripts present at days 7 and 12 postinfection (p.i.) but not early (day 2) or late (day 35) in the infection. To determine functional significance, mouse hepatitis virus-infected mice were treated with anti-Mig antisera, and the severity of disease was evaluated. Such treatment resulted in a marked increase in mortality that correlated with a >3 log increase in viral burden within the brains as compared with control mice treated with normal rabbit serum. Anti-Mig-treated mice displayed a significant decrease (p < 0.005) in CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cell recruitment into the CNS as compared with normal rabbit serum-treated mice. In addition, anti-Mig treatment resulted in a significant decrease (p < 0.05) in levels of IFN-gamma and IFN-beta that coincided with increased (p < 0.02) expression of the anti-inflammatory Th2 cytokine IL-10 within the CNS. Collectively, these data indicate that Mig is important in contributing to host defense by promoting a protective Th1 response against viral infection of the CNS.

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11160225&dopt=Abstract

Hair loss is a problem in modern soceity. Examining the factors of hair growth may shed light on how hair loss might occur. How long can hair grow before it stops growing eventually if it does? Given that the hair growth rate is quite uniform and constant, somewhere between 0.3-0.5 millimeters per day, it's believed that the length of anagen, the growth phase, differs among individuals, and this is the major determinant to the maximum hair length. For some individuals, anagen may last ten years. Of course the length of the anagen is governed by genes, and the genetic background of the individuals. Non-genetic factors such as nutritional condition, weather, seasonal changes (hair may grow a bit faster during winter), taking medications, health condition may of course influence the rate of hair growth as well as hair loss. The shape of the hair, straight or curly, is dependent on the shape of the follicle. A circular or round hair follicle would generate straight hair, while the follicle with oval or elliptical shapes (in its cross-section) would produce a curly hair.

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