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Pathogen research abs 1 || Pathogen research abs 2 || Pathogen research abs 3 || Pathogen research abs 4 || Pathogen research abs 5 || Hormone and endocrine research abs 1 || Hormone and endocrine research abs 2 || Hormone and endocrine research abs 3 || Hormone and endocrine research abs 4 || Hormone and endocrine research abs 5 || Follicle and follicular cells research abs 1 || Interferon research abs 1

Clin Immunol. 2003 Mar;106(3):181-7.
Transfer of alopecia areata in the human scalp graft/Prkdc(scid) (SCID) mouse system is characterized by a TH1 response.

Gilhar A, Landau M, Assy B, Ullmann Y, Shalaginov R, Serafimovich S, Kalish RS.

Skin Research Laboratories, Flieman Medical Center, Haifa, Israel.

Alopecia areata is an autoimmune condition directed at hair follicles, which results in loss of hair. We have previously demonstrated that it is possible to transfer hair loss, along with the immunohistologic findings of alopecia areata, to human scalp grafts on Prkdc(scid) (SCID) mice by injection of autologous activated lesional T-cells. This study examines the cytokine profile of T-cells and follicular epithelium following transfer of hair loss. Two consistent findings significantly (P < 0.01) associated with hair loss were production of interferon-gamma-inducible protein-10 kDa (IP-10) by follicular epithelium (13/13), and production of INF-gamma by infiltrating T-cells (10/12). Noninjected control grafts regrew hair, and were generally negative for IP-10 (positive 2/9), and INF-gamma (positive 2/9), but expressed of IL-10 on the follicular epithelium (7/9). These data support an INF-gamma TH1 pathogenesis for hair loss in alopecia areata.

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12706404&dopt=Abstract

J Interferon Cytokine Res. 2001 Jan;21(1):39-43.
Evaluation of interleukin-4 concentration by ELISA is influenced by the consumption of IL-4 by cultured cells.

Ewen C, Baca-Estrada ME.

Veterinary Infectious Disease Organization, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada S7N 5E3.

The ability to accurately measure cytokine secretion by immune cells is critical to the evaluation of immune mechanisms in the context of Th1 and Th2 responses. In this study, we demonstrated that in vitro consumption of interleukin-4 (IL-4) by stimulated cells influences the concentration of IL-4 in the culture supernatant. In contrast, evaluation of IL-4-secreting cells by ELISPOT is not influenced by the consumption of IL-4 by cultured cells. These discrepancies influence the cytokine profile when responses are evaluated in relation to the secretion of other cytokines, for example, interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma). This information ultimately should enable investigators to evaluate immune responses accurately without concerns of bias resulting from in vitro consumption of IL-4, thus providing much more reliable interpretations of the type of immune response being evaluated.

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11177579&dopt=Abstract

J Interferon Cytokine Res. 2001 Jan;21(1):45-52.
Interleukin-6 serum level correlates with survival in advanced gastrointestinal cancer patients but is not an independent prognostic indicator.

De Vita F, Romano C, Orditura M, Galizia G, Martinelli E, Lieto E, Catalano G.

Division of Internal Medicine, F. Magrassi Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Second University of Naples School of Medicine, Naples, Italy. ordituririo-oncology.it

Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a pleiotropic cytokine that has been shown to regulate immune defense mechanisms and hematopoiesis. In addition, IL-6 may also be involved in malignant transformation and tumor progression. A poor prognosis in patients with multiple myeloma, renal cell carcinoma, ovarian cancer, or prostate cancer has been associated consistently with elevated IL-6 serum levels. The aim of this study was, therefore, to assess IL-6 serum levels in 68 advanced gastrointestinal cancer patients and to correlate them with prognosis. IL-6 serum levels were found to be significantly elevated in cancer patients with respect to controls. Moreover, patients with disseminated cancer displayed significantly higher IL-6 serum levels than patients without apparent metastases. On univariate analysis, both overall survival (OS) and time to disease progression (TTP) were shown to be affected by IL-6 serum levels. However, multivariate analysis failed to demonstrate an independent prognostic significance for IL-6 serum levels while confirming the role of previously established variables, such as performance status, carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) serum levels, and distant metastases. In conclusion, this study showed that IL-6 serum levels were elevated in advanced gastrointestinal cancer patients and correlated with both OS and TTP. However, they were shown not to be an independent prognostic factor.

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11177580&dopt=Abstract

J Interferon Cytokine Res. 2001 Jan;21(1):53-62.
The roles of Nramp1 and Tnfa genes in nitric oxide production and their effect on the growth of Salmonella typhimurium in macrophages from Nramp1 congenic and tumor necrosis factor-alpha-/- mice.

Ables GP, Takamatsu D, Noma H, El-Shazly S, Jin HK, Taniguchi T, Sekikawa K, Watanabe T.

Laboratory of Experimental Animal Science, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan.

The macrophages from Nramp1 congenic mice and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha(-/-) mice were used to examine the functions of Nramp1 and Tnfa genes in nitric oxide (NO) production and Salmonella typhimurium infection. It was confirmed that the level of inducible NO synthase (iNOS)-mediated NO production in Nramp1(r) peritoneal macrophages was generally higher than that of Nramp1(s) macrophages after stimulation by interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) alone or in combination. Nramp1 mRNA expression in both Nramp1 congenic macrophages was constitutive notwithstanding cytokine stimulation. During infection with S. typhimurium strain 6203, Nramp1(r) macrophages produced a lower amount of NO because of an initial strong reaction and unsustained iNOS gene expression as compared with Nramp1(s) macrophages. An inhibitory effect of the Nramp1(r) gene on bacterial replication was also observed during the early stage of S. typhimurium infection, whereas the effect of TNF-alpha occurred later. NO production and iNOS expression in TNF-alpha(-/-) macrophages were not detected from the start of the bacterial infection or at 24 h after infection. We also observed that S. typhimurium strain 6203 grew more profoundly without TNF-alpha, especially in Nramp1(s) macrophages. These data, therefore, demonstrate that there is cooperation of the Nramp1 and Tnfa genes in NO production and a growth inhibitory effect in response to S. typhimurium infection.

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11177581&dopt=Abstract

Curr Gastroenterol Rep. 2001 Feb;3(1):30-7.
Pegylated interferons: what role will they play in the treatment of chronic hepatitis C?

Shiffman ML.

Hepatology Section, Medical College of Virginia Commonwealth University, Box 980341, Richmond, VA 23298, USA. mshiffmsc.vcu.edu

The primary therapy for patients with chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is interferon alfa. However, use of interferon for treatment of chronic HCV has several shortcomings that limit its effectiveness. Interferon has a very short half-life, must be administered multiple times weekly, and is associated with significant side effects. "PEGylation" is a process whereby the inert polymer, polyethylene glycol (PEG), is attached to a protein pharmaceutical. This process has been shown to alter the properties of PEGylated proteins in a manner that significantly extends half-life, reduces immunogenicity, and enhances biologic activity when compared with the native protein. In recent years, several PEGylated forms of interferon alfa have been developed. Recent studies have demonstrated that PEG-interferons have a significantly prolonged half-life and sustained virologic response when compared with standard interferon. Studies to evaluate the effects of combining PEG-interferons with ribavirin are currently underway. The role PEG-interferons will play in patients who have either relapsed or failed to respond to previous interferon or interferon/ribavirin therapy remains to be defined.

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11177692&dopt=Abstract [PubMed - in process]

Sudden, and premature hair loss and baldness is a problem in many ways. Baldness is indeed becoming an increasing concern in the current aging society.
It changes personal appearance and identity in social context. Saw palmetto berry extract is a widely known herbfor hair loss as well as BPH problems in Western world. Saw palmetto berry contains phytochemicals that inhibits 5-alpha-reductase that converts testosterone to DHT.

There are a number of traditional herbs that could stop hair loss and promotes hair growth. Numerous personal experiences and anecdotal cases testify that the herbal formula based on the Chinese herbs improves the situation of the age-related hair thinning and hair loss for a large fraction of people taking it regularly. It is unknown how Hair Million herbs stop hair loss, and promote hair growth due to the lack of scientific research and placebo controlled clinical trials.

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