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hair related research references ||
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melanin related research references
Naturwissenschaften. 2003 May;90(5):234-7. Epub 2003 Mar 25.
Plumage coloration and nutritional condition in the great tit Parus major: the roles of carotenoids and melanins differ.
Senar JC, Figuerola J, Domenech J.
Museu de Ciencies Naturals (Zoologia), Pg. Picasso s/n, Parc Ciutadella, 08003, Barcelona, Spain. jcsenaail.bcn.es
The size and coloration of some body characters seem to influence mate choice in many species. Most animal colours are either structural or based on melanin or carotenoid pigments. It has recently been suggested that carotenoid-based or structural coloration may be a condition-dependent trait, whereas melanin-based coloration is not; a difference that may be highly relevant when studying the evolution of multiple mating preferences. We tested this hypothesis in the great tit ( Parus major). The size of the melanin breast band was not correlated to nutritional condition as estimated by the rate of tail growth (ptilochronology), controlling for locality, age, sex, year and season effects. However, the correlation was significant for the hue of yellow breast (carotenoid-based coloration), and the slopes of the regressions of the two pigments to growth bars differed significantly. These results suggest that the expression of the two traits may be regulated by different mechanisms.
online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12743707&dopt=Abstract
J Periodontol. 2003 Apr;74(4):552-6.
An unusual oral chronic graft-versus-host disease-like syndrome following a liver transplant.
Bunetel L, Le Gall F, Delaval Y, Sixou JL, Dabadie A, Bonnaure-Mallet M.
Laboratory of Oral Biology, Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Rennes, France. laurence.buneteniv-rennes1.fr
BACKGROUND: Giving the immunosuppressive drug tacrolimus (FK506) to liver transplant patients has helped to considerably reduce oral side effects such as gingival hyperplasia. Patients taking cyclosporin who suffer from gingival hyperplasia are often switched to tacrolimus. METHODS: We present here a pediatric liver transplantation case study. The patient has been followed for 5.5 years. She developed oral lesions that resulted in the immunosuppressive therapy being changed from tacrolimus to cyclosporin. In clinical terms, the atypical pathology consisted of hyperpigmented patches on the gingival margin, the internal surfaces of the cheeks, and the intraoral surfaces of the lips. When located on the lips, the hyperpigmented patches were associated with pruriginous and edematous lesions. RESULTS: Optical and electronic microscopic examinations of a gingival tissue sample revealed the presence of melanin incontinence and lichenoid lesions with degenerated keratinocytes and a mild infiltrate of lymphocytes. This points to a chronic graft-versus-host disease (cGvHD)-like syndrome linked to tacrolimus. This diagnosis was given further credence by improvement in the lesions following the switch to cyclosporin. CONCLUSION: To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of tacrolimus-associated chronic GvHD-like syndrome occurring in the oral mucosa.
online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12747462&dopt=Abstract
Neuroscience. 2003;116(1):31-5.
Evidence of melanin-concentrating hormone-containing neurons supplying both cortical and neuroendocrine projections.
Cvetkovic V, Brischoux F, Griffond B, Bernard G, Jacquemard C, Fellmann D, Risold PY.
Laboratoire d'Histologie, Embryologie, Cytogenetique, Faculte de Medecine et de Pharmacie, Universite de Franche-Comte, Place St Jacques, Besancon Cedex 25030, France.
In the rat, melanin-concentrating hormone-containing projections are detected in the median eminence and in the neural lobe of the pituitary. After vascular injections of the retrograde tracers fluorogold or fastblue, melanin-concentrating hormone neurons are retrogradely labeled in the rostromedial zona incerta and adjacent perifornical region. These neurons may be the source of the melanin-concentrating hormone projections toward the median eminence and posterior pituitary, and may release their secretory products into the bloodstream. After fastblue injections in the cerebral cortex and vascular fluorogold injections, some melaninconcentrating hormone neurons contain both tracers, indicating that they send collaterals in the cerebral cortex and in the median eminence/posterior pituitary. No such collaterals have been described for the classical neuroendocrine systems. The melanin-concentrating hormone system is thought to play a role in arousal in correlation with specific goal oriented behaviors such as feeding or reproduction. Some MCH neurons may be involved in such functions by modulating directly cortical activity as well as being neuroendocrine. 2003 IBRO
online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12535935&dopt=Abstract
The average human scalp is covered by approximatey 100,000 hair follicles. Each hair undergoes
hair cycle and normally 50-100 hairs randomly fall out a day, which is unnoticeable because lost hair is replaced by as many new hairs springing up daily. Hair loss results from the fall out of hair from the hair follicle. Alopecia or excessive, premature hair loss is the condition caused by many factors.
Loss of hair itself does not pose critical health problems because biological role of human hair is relatively marginal. Hair on our scalp protects the head from mechanical shock, heat loss, and exposure to UV-light. The eyelashes and eyebrowes protect the eyes, and hair in the ear canal or the nasal passages help filter out particles and pathogens, thus protecting our internal organs.
However, hair does play important social role: it is one of the major determinants of our appearance and identity in daily life. Fullness of hair also implicates or manifests physical integrity and youthfulness of the person. Losing hair could have more than just emotional impacts on individuals.
The hair is a unique organ that goes through a characteristic cycle consisting of an immature phase, a growing phase called anagen, a transitional phase between the growing phase and the resting phase called catagen, and finally a resting phase called telogen in which the hair stops growing, waiting to fall out. 85-90% of hairs on our body are in anagen phase or growing phase, which lasts anywhere from two to five years. This phase is followed by a short regression phase, or catagen, which lasts 2-3 weeks. Approximately 1% of hair follicles are in catagen. Approximately 10-15% of hair follicles are in the resting phase, the telogen, which lasts about 3-5 months. Hair follicles typically goes through 10-20 asynchronous cycles during the lifetime.
Persistent loss of more than 150 hairs would consist a state of hair loss, or alopecia, albeit it could be temporary.
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