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Interferon research abs 1 ||
Hemoglobin research abs ||
Stem cell research abs ||
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Herpes research abs ||
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hair research abs ||
hair related research references ||
testosterone related research references ||
melanin related research references
Genes Dev. 2001 Jan 15;15(2):201-12.
Roles for inositol-phosphoryl ceramide synthase 1 (IPC1) in pathogenesis of C. neoformans.
Luberto C, Toffaletti DL, Wills EA, Tucker SC, Casadevall A, Perfect JR, Hannun YA, Del Poeta M M.
Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425, USA.
Cryptococcus neoformans is a leading cause of life-threatening fungal infection in immunocompromised patients. Inositol-phosphoryl ceramide synthase 1 (Ipc1) is a fungus-specific enzyme, encoded by the essential IPC1 gene, that catalyzes the formation of complex sphingolipids and may also regulate the levels of phytoceramide and diacylglycerol. Here, we investigated the functions of this essential gene by modulating its expression in C. neoformans using a galactose-inducible promoter. Down-regulation of IPC1 significantly lowers the expression of certain virulence traits such as melanin pigmentation and, remarkably, impairs pathogenicity of C. neoformans in an established rabbit model. Interestingly, we found that IPC1 down-regulation significantly decreases the intracellular growth of C. neoformans in the J774.16 murine macrophage-like cells. Finally, we studied the effect of IPC1 expression under different stress conditions and found that down-regulation of IPC1 confers a defect on in vitro growth at low pH. Because this environment is similar to that in the phagolysosome of J774.16 macrophage-like cells, our findings indicate that down-regulation of IPC1 confers a growth defect in vivo through a pH-dependent mechanism. In conclusion, our study is the first to define a novel and crucial function of Ipc1 in fungal pathogenesis.
online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11157776&dopt=Abstract
Endocrinology. 2001 Feb;142(2):680-6.
Melanin-concentrating hormone receptor is a target of leptin action in the mouse brain.
Kokkotou EG, Tritos NA, Mastaitis JW, Slieker L, Maratos-Flier E.
Joslin Diabetes Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA.
Melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) is a hypothalamic neuropeptide that is important in the regulation of energy homeostasis. MCH signals via a seven-transmembrane G protein-coupled receptor, which is coupled to Galpha(i). This receptor was initially cloned in rat and human and designated SLC-1 because of its homology to the somatostatin receptor. In rat brain, it is expressed in a pattern that mirrors the previously described pattern of projections of MCH-immunoreactive fibers. In the present study we cloned the mouse MCH receptor (MCH-R) ortholog by a rapid amplification of 5'- and 3'-cDNA ends approach and have found it to be 98% homologous with the rat sequence. We have characterized MCH-R messenger RNA distribution in the mouse brain by in situ hybridization and have shown MCH-R to be expressed in diverse brain areas implicated in the regulation of feeding, body adiposity, and sensory integration of smell and gustatory inputs, including the hypothalamus [paraventricular nucleus (magnocellular part) and dorsomedial, ventromedial, and arcuate nucleus], areas of the olfactory pathway, and the nucleus of the solitary tract. We also studied MCH-R regulation and found that MCH-R expression is increased 7-fold by 48-h fasting or genetic leptin deficiency (ob/ob mice) and is completely blunted by leptin administration. In contrast, MCH-R messenger RNA expression remains unaltered in genetic MCH deficiency. Our findings suggest that MCH-R constitutes a central target of leptin action in the mammalian brain.
online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11159839&dopt=Abstract
J Clin Invest. 2001 Feb;107(3):379-86.
Melanin-concentrating hormone overexpression in transgenic mice leads to obesity and insulin resistance.
Ludwig DS, Tritos NA, Mastaitis JW, Kulkarni R, Kokkotou E, Elmquist J, Lowell B, Flier JS, Maratos-Flier E.
Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Several lines of investigation suggest that the hypothalamic neuropeptide melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) regulates body weight in mammals. Obese mice lacking functional leptin overexpress the MCH message in the fed or fasted state. Acute intracerebroventricular injection of MCH increases energy intake in rats. Mice lacking the MCH gene are lean. To test the hypothesis that chronic overexpression of MCH in mice causes obesity, we produced transgenic mice that overexpress MCH (MCH-OE) in the lateral hypothalamus at approximately twofold higher levels than normal mice. On the FVB genetic background, homozygous transgenic animals fed a high-fat diet ate 10% more and were 12% heavier at 13 weeks of age than wild-type animals, and they had higher systemic leptin levels. Blood glucose levels were higher both preprandially and after an intraperitoneal glucose injection. MCH-OE animals were insulin-resistant, as demonstrated by markedly higher plasma insulin levels and a blunted response to insulin; MCH-OE animals had only a 5% decrease in blood glucose after insulin administration, compared with a 31% decrease in wild-type animals. MCH-OE animals also exhibited a twofold increase in islet size. To evaluate the contribution of genetic background to the predisposition to obesity seen in MCH-OE mice, the transgene was bred onto the C57BL/6J background. Heterozygote C57BL/6J mice expressing the transgene showed increased body weight on a standard diet, confirming that MCH overexpression can lead to obesity.
online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11160162&dopt=Abstract
Hair loss is a problem in modern soceity. Examining the factors of hair growth may
shed light on how hair loss might occur.
How long can hair grow before it stops growing eventually if it does?
Given that the hair growth rate is quite uniform and constant, somewhere between 0.3-0.5 millimeters per day, it's believed that the length of anagen, the growth phase, differs among individuals, and this is the major determinant to the maximum hair length. For some individuals, anagen may last ten years. Of course the length of the anagen is governed by genes, and the genetic background of the individuals. Non-genetic factors such as nutritional condition, weather, seasonal changes (hair may grow a bit faster during winter), taking medications, health condition may of course influence the rate of
hair growth as well as
hair loss.
The shape of the hair, straight or curly, is dependent on the shape of the follicle. A circular or round hair follicle would generate straight hair, while the follicle with oval or elliptical shapes (in its cross-section) would produce a curly hair.
DHEA is a natural hormone, and it is produced in our body by the adrenal glands.
DHEA has been suggested to provide numerous potential benefits. DHEA (or dehydroepiandrosterone) is converted into androgens (male hormones)
or estrogens (female hormones) in the cells.
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Lutein ||
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Natural herbal formula for hair loss problems ||