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Interferon research abs 1 || Hemoglobin research abs || Stem cell research abs || Nucleic acid research abs || Herpes research abs || Bronchitis research abs || Schizophrenia research abs || Tuberculosis research abs || Pneumonia research abs || Constipation research abs || Laxative research abs || hair research abs || hair related research references || testosterone related research references || melanin related research references

Mycopathologia. 2002;156(3):171-6.
Effect of different K+ concentrations on Cryptococcus neoformans phenoloxidase activity.

Vidotto V, Defina N, Pugliese A, Aoki S, Nakamura K, Takeo K.

Dipartimento Discipline Medico-Chirurgiche, Sezione Malattie Infettive, Universit'a di Torino, Corso Svizzera 164. 10.149 Torino, Italy. valerio.vidottibero.it

Melanin synthesis in Cryptococcus neoformans, catalyzed by phenoloxidase activity, is one of the oldest virulence factors known. However, until now, the relationship between melanin production in C. neoformans and its virulence has been poorly understood. Among different chemical compounds only Fe3+ and Cu2+ cations enhance the phenoloxidase activity in C. neoformans. A few reports in the literature describe the influence of different cations on C. neoformans phenoloxidase activity, excluding iron. In this study, 13 C. neoformans strains isolated from AIDS patients and 7 from bird droppings (B.D.), were examined in order to clarify the effect of different K+ concentrations on phenoloxidase activity. A new solid and liquid caffeic acid minimal synthetic medium (MSM-CAF) containing only caffeic acid and ferric citrate with different potassium concentrations was used to evaluate C. neoformans phenoloxidase activity. In the MSM-CAF solid medium the degree of brown pigmentation on the agar plates was read on days 1, 2 and 3 of incubation, and the pigmentation of the C. neoformans strains was classed into 5 categories. The brown pigment of the liquid MSM-CAF test tubes were checked after 24 hours of incubation by measuring the optical density (O.D.) at 480 nm. Three C. neoformans AIDS and B.D. strains, randomly chosen, were tested for phenoloxidase activity, according to the modified protocols of Polacheck et al., Torres-Guerrero et al. and Rhodes. According to the results obtained, it has been observed that K+ does not activate the phenoloxidase activity in the C. neoformans AIDS and B.D. strains. In particular, with an increase in potassium concentrations in the MSM-CAF solid and liquid medium, there was a corresponding inhibition of the phenoloxidase activity on both the C. neoformans AIDS and B.D. strains.

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12749580&dopt=Abstract

Int Immunol. 2003 Jun;15(6):773-9.
Distinct antigen trafficking from skin in the steady and active states.

Yoshino M, Yamazaki H, Nakano H, Kakiuchi T, Ryoke K, Kunisada T, Hayashi S.

Division of Immunology, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, School of Life Science, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago 683-8503, Japan. myoshrape.med.tottori-u.ac.jp

In antigen trafficking from the skin, it has been postulated that Langerhans cells/dendritic cells are activated after capturing exogenous antigens, up-regulate the expression of the chemokine receptor, CCR7, and migrate into lymphoid organs in response to the signaling of a chemokine, CCL21, which is expressed in lymphatic vessels and T cell zone stromal cells. Here we demonstrate that there is a distinct pathway of antigen trafficking from skin in the steady state that is independent of CCL21-CCR7 signaling. Employing melanin granules as an endogenous traceable antigen, we developed a system for visualizing antigen trafficking using mice with melanocytosis in the skin. We found the abrogation of antigen trafficking into regional lymph nodes (LN) in CCL21-Ser-deficient paucity of lymph node T cells (plt) mice in the active state induced by lipopolysaccharide injection, corresponding with previous reports, but normal accumulation of antigen in regional LN under steady-state conditions. These findings suggest that self-antigen is trafficking constitutively using pathway(s) other than that of the active state and the constitutive trafficking might regulate self-reactivity of the immune system.

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12750361&dopt=Abstract [PubMed - in process]

Pigment Cell Res. 2003 Jun;16(3):198-207.
Screening of human primary melanocytes of defined melanocortin-1 receptor genotype: pigmentation marker, ultrastructural and UV-survival studies.

Leonard JH, Marks LH, Chen W, Cook AL, Boyle GM, Smit DJ, Brown DL, Stow JL, Parsons PG, Sturm RA.

Queensland Radium Institute Research Unit, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Herston, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.

Recent population studies have demonstrated an association with the red-hair and fair-skin phenotype with variant alleles of the melanocortin-1 receptor (MC1R) which result in amino acid substitutions within the coding region leading to an altered receptor activity. In particular, Arg151Cys, Arg160Trp and Asp294His were the most commonly associated variants seen in the south-east Queensland population with at least one of these alleles found in 93% of those with red hair. In order to study the individual effects of these variants on melanocyte biology and melanocytic pigmentation, we established a series of human melanocyte strains genotyped for the MC1R receptor which included wild-type consensus, variant heterozygotes, compound heterozygotes and homozygotes for Arg151Cys, Arg160Trp, Val60Leu and Val92Met alleles. These strains ranged from darkly pigmented to amelanotic, with all strains of consensus sequence having dark pigmentation. UV sensitivity was found not to be associated with either MC1R genotype or the level of pigmentation with a range of sensitivities seen across all genotypes. Ultrastructural analysis demonstrated that while consensus strains contained stage IV melanosomes in their terminal dendrites, Arg151Cys and Arg160Trp homozygote strains contained only stage II melanosomes. This was despite being able to show expression of tyrosinase and tyrosinase-related protein-1 markers, although at reduced levels and an ability to convert exogenous 3,4-dihydroxyphenyl-alanine (DOPA) to melanin in these strains.

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12753386&dopt=Abstract [PubMed - in process]

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