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Interferon research abs 1 || Hemoglobin research abs || Stem cell research abs || Nucleic acid research abs || Herpes research abs || Bronchitis research abs || Schizophrenia research abs || Tuberculosis research abs || Pneumonia research abs || Constipation research abs || Laxative research abs || hair research abs || hair related research references || testosterone related research references || melanin related research references

J Comput Assist Tomogr. 2003 May-Jun;27(3):434-41.
Additional value of magnetic resonance with spin echo T1-weighted imaging with fat suppression in characterization of soft tissue tumors.

Gielen JL, De Schepper AM, Parizel PM, Wang XL, Vanhoenacker F.

Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, Unviersity Hospital Antwerp, Belgium. Jan.Gieleza.be

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to describe the signal intensity (SI) behavior of soft tissue tumors (STT) on spin echo (SE) T1 weighted images (WI) with fat suppression (FS) and to assess its additional value in tissue characterization. METHODS: MRI signal characteristics of 53 histological proven STT were discussed. Signal intensity behavior of STT could be classified in 4 types, representing specific tissues or tissue components. Type 1 was defined as low SI on both SE T1-WI and SE T1-WI with FS. Type 2 was defined as high SI on both sequences. Type 3 consisted of high SI on T1-WI and low SI on T1-WI with FS. Type 4 was defined as SI comparable with SI of normal muscle on T1-WI and SI higher than normal muscle on T1-WI with FS. The additional information concerning contrast enhancement is described. RESULTS: Type 1 SI behavior was noted in fibrous lesions, in hemosiderotic components, cysts, and myxoma. Type 2 was noted in lesions containing methemoglobin or melanin. Type 3 was specific for fatty tissue. Type 4 was noted in highly cellular parts and in lesions of vascular origin. The use of SE T1-WI with FS improved lesion conspicuity on T1-WI. CONCLUSIONS: E T1-WI with FS has additional value in the characterization of fibrous and hemosiderotic parts from cellular parts of lesions. It gives more confidence in characterization of neurogenic tumors and hemangioma's. Presence of methemoglobin and melanin are clearly discriminated from fatty tissue. Tumor conspicuity and inhomogeneity evaluation is improved. The use of SE T1-WI FS not only improves tumor conspicuity, but as tumor homogeneity and SI are important parameters in staging and characterization of STT, the use of SE T1-WI with FS will certainly be helpful. This may obviate the need for gadolinium administration.

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12794613&dopt=Abstract

Life Sci. 1999;64(15):1275-85.
Neuroprotection by pramipexole against dopamine- and levodopa-induced cytotoxicity.

Zou L, Jankovic J, Rowe DB, Xie W, Appel SH, Le W.

Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.

Pramipexole, a novel non-ergoline dopamine (DA) agonist, has been applied successfully for treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD). We report here that pramipexole can protect dopaminergic cell line Mes23.5 against dopamine- and levodopa-induced cytotoxicity possibly through a mechanism related to antioxidant activity. In the MES 23.5 cultures, DA and L-DOPA induce a dose- and time-dependent cytotoxicity, as determined by tetrazolium salt and trypan blue assays. Furthermore, an in situ terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase assay demonstrates that DA-induced cell death is apoptotic. Pretreatment with pramipexole in a concentration range (4-100 microM) significantly attenuates DA- or L-DOPA-induced cytotoxicity and apoptosis, an action which is not blocked by D3 antagonist U-99194 A or D2 antagonist raclopride. Pramipexole also protects MES 23.5 cells from hydrogen peroxide-induced cytotoxicity in a dose-dependent manner. In cell-free system, pramipexole can effectively inhibit the formation of melanin, an end product resulting from DA or L-DOPA oxidation. These results indicate that pramipexole exerts its neuroprotective effect possibly through a mechanism, which is independent of DA receptors but related to antioxidation or scavenging of free radicals (e.g. hydrogen peroxide). As a direct DA agonist and potentially neuroprotective agent, pramipexole remains attractive in the treatment of PD.

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=10227583&dopt=Abstract

J Exp Biol. 2003 Jul;206(Pt 14):2409-29.
Structural colouration of avian skin: convergent evolution of coherently scattering dermal collagen arrays.

Prum RO, Torres R.

Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, and Natural History Museum, Dyche Hall, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045-7561, USA. pruu.edu

Structural colours of avian skin have long been hypothesized to be produced by incoherent (Rayleigh/Tyndall) scattering. We investigated the colour, anatomy, nanostructure and biophysics of structurally coloured skin, ramphotheca and podotheca from 31 species of birds from 17 families in 10 orders from across Aves. Integumentary structural colours of birds include ultraviolet, dark blue, light blue, green and yellow hues. The discrete peaks in reflectance spectra do not conform to the inverse fourth power relationship predicted by Rayleigh scattering. The dermis of structurally coloured skin consists of a thick (100-500 micro m) layer of collagen that is usually underlain by a layer of melanin granules. Transmission electron micrographs (TEMs) of this colour-producing dermal collagen layer revealed quasi-ordered arrays of parallel collagen fibres. Two-dimensional (2-D) Fourier analysis of TEMs of the collagen arrays revealed a ring of peak spatial frequencies in the spatial variation in refractive index that are the appropriate size to make the observed ultraviolet-yellow colours by coherent scattering alone. One species, Philepitta castanea (Eurylaimidae), has exceptionally ordered, hexagonal arrays of collagen fibres that produce a hexagonal pattern of spatial frequency peaks in the power spectra. Ultraviolet, blue, green and yellow structural colours of avian skin are produced by coherent scattering (i.e. constructive interference) by arrays of collagen fibres in the dermis. Some yellow and orange skin colours are produced with a combination of structural and pigmentary mechanisms. These combined colours can have reflectance spectra with discrete peaks that are more saturated than hues produced by carotenoid pigments alone. Bluish facial skin from two species of Neotropical antbirds (Thamnophilidae) are nanostructurally too small to produce visible light by coherent scattering, and the colour production mechanism in these species remains unknown. Based on the phylogenetic distribution of structurally coloured skin in Aves, this mechanism of colour production has evolved convergently more than 50 independent times within extant birds.

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12796458&dopt=Abstract [PubMed - in process]

Hair loss is a problem in modern soceity. Examining the factors of hair growth may shed light on how hair loss might occur. How long can hair grow before it stops growing eventually if it does? Given that the hair growth rate is quite uniform and constant, somewhere between 0.3-0.5 millimeters per day, it's believed that the length of anagen, the growth phase, differs among individuals, and this is the major determinant to the maximum hair length. For some individuals, anagen may last ten years. Of course the length of the anagen is governed by genes, and the genetic background of the individuals. Non-genetic factors such as nutritional condition, weather, seasonal changes (hair may grow a bit faster during winter), taking medications, health condition may of course influence the rate of hair growth as well as hair loss. The shape of the hair, straight or curly, is dependent on the shape of the follicle. A circular or round hair follicle would generate straight hair, while the follicle with oval or elliptical shapes (in its cross-section) would produce a curly hair.

DHEA is a natural hormone, and it is produced in our body by the adrenal glands. DHEA has been suggested to provide numerous potential benefits. DHEA (or dehydroepiandrosterone) is converted into androgens (male hormones) or estrogens (female hormones) in the cells.

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