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Interferon research abs 1 || Hemoglobin research abs || Stem cell research abs || Nucleic acid research abs || Herpes research abs || Bronchitis research abs || Schizophrenia research abs || Tuberculosis research abs || Pneumonia research abs || Constipation research abs || Laxative research abs || hair research abs || hair related research references || testosterone related research references || melanin related research references

Immunol Res. 2003;27(2-3):409-26.
Melanosomes and MHC class II antigen-processing compartments: a tinted view of intracellular trafficking and immunity.

Marks MS, Theos AC, Raposo G.

Department of Pathology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6082, USA. marksail.med.upenn.edu

Melanosomes are specialized intracellular compartments within melanocytes and retinal pigment epithelial cells that function in the synthesis, storage, and secretion of melanins, which are the major pigments made by mammals. The mechanisms that regulate the formation of melanosomes, and the pathways by which constituent proteins are targeted to them, are related to those involved in the biogenesis of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II antigen-processing compartments. Consequently, diseases that affect pigmentation may also affect antigen presentation to T cells. Moreover, many of the tissue-specific proteins that localize to melanosomes and participate in melanin formation double as tumor-associated antigens that are targets for T cells in patients with melanoma. Our studies on melanosome biogenesis are providing new ways of thinking about antigen-processing compartments and the mechanisms regulating presentation of tumor-associated antigens.

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12857985&dopt=Abstract [PubMed - in process]

Pigment Cell Res. 2003 Aug;16(4):345-50.
Biogenesis of melanosomes in Kupffer cells of Proteus anguinus (Urodela, Amphibia).

Prelovsek PM, Bulog B.

Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia. maja.prelovseni-lj.si

The ultrastructural characteristics of melanosomes and premelanosomes observed during the biogenesis of melanosomes in liver pigment cells of the neotenic cave salamander Proteus anguinus (Proteidae) are described. It is well known that amphibian liver pigment cells, also known as Kupffer cells (KC), contain melanosomes and are able to synthesize melanin. Liver pigment cells of P. anguinus contain numerous siderosomes and melanosomes. The melanosomes are grouped together within single-membrane-bounded bodies, named as 'clusters of melanosomes' or 'melanosomogenesis centers'. Inside such clusters, different structures are present: (1) filament-like structures, characteristic of the initial stage of melanosome biogenesis, (2) medium electron-dense melanosomes in different stages of melanization, (3) melanosomes with an electron-dense cortical area and a less electron-dense medullar area, and (4) uniformly highly electron-dense mature melanosomes or melanin granules. Histochemical and cytochemical dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA) oxidase reactions in pigment cells were positive. Our results confirm the ability of amphibian KC to synthesize melanin and contribute to this little known subject.

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12859617&dopt=Abstract [PubMed - in process]

Pigment Cell Res. 2003 Aug;16(4):351-4.
Melanin inhibits cytotoxic effects of doxorubicin and daunorubicin in MOLT 4 cells.

Svensson SP, Lindgren S, Powell W, Green H.

Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Linkoping, Linkoping, Sweden. samuel.svenssomv.liu.se

In the present study we have developed a simple method to elucidate the melanin binding ability of different chemotherapeutic agents. The anthracyclines, doxorubicin and daunorubicin, or the alkylating agent cisplatin were preincubated with melanin (Sepia). Melanin and free drug was then separated through centrifugation and the cytotoxic effects of corresponding drug were evaluated in a MTT (3-(4,5-dimetyltiazol-2-yl)-2,5-difenyl-tetrazoliumbromide) assay using MOLT-4 cells. Our results show that melanin pretreatment shifted the IC50 value for doxorubicin from 0.06 to 0.97 microM and for daunorubicin from 0.04 to 0.80 microM. In contrast, the IC50 values of cisplatin was not influenced by melanin pre-treatment indicating that cisplatin does not bind to melanin. By comparing equi-active concentrations from concentration-response curves with or without melanin pretreatment an approximate binding capacity of melanin could be estimated. Our results show that melanin binds about 900 nmol/mg doxorubicin and 760 nmol/mg daunorubicin. Chloroquine, which is known to bind to melanin with high affinity, was found to inhibit melanin binding of both daunorubicin and doxorubicin, thereby leading to an increased sensitivity of the anthracyclines. The clinical implications of melanin binding regarding unwanted accumulation of anthracyclines in the skin as well as chemoprotective effects against chemotherapy are discussed.

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12859618&dopt=Abstract [PubMed - in process]

Hair loss is a problem in modern soceity. Examining the factors of hair growth may shed light on how hair loss might occur. How long can hair grow before it stops growing eventually if it does? Given that the hair growth rate is quite uniform and constant, somewhere between 0.3-0.5 millimeters per day, it's believed that the length of anagen, the growth phase, differs among individuals, and this is the major determinant to the maximum hair length. For some individuals, anagen may last ten years. Of course the length of the anagen is governed by genes, and the genetic background of the individuals. Non-genetic factors such as nutritional condition, weather, seasonal changes (hair may grow a bit faster during winter), taking medications, health condition may of course influence the rate of hair growth as well as hair loss. The shape of the hair, straight or curly, is dependent on the shape of the follicle. A circular or round hair follicle would generate straight hair, while the follicle with oval or elliptical shapes (in its cross-section) would produce a curly hair.

DHEA is a natural hormone, and it is produced in our body by the adrenal glands. DHEA has been suggested to provide numerous potential benefits. DHEA (or dehydroepiandrosterone) is converted into androgens (male hormones) or estrogens (female hormones) in the cells.

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