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Interferon research abs 1 || Hemoglobin research abs || Stem cell research abs || Nucleic acid research abs || Herpes research abs || Bronchitis research abs || Schizophrenia research abs || Tuberculosis research abs || Pneumonia research abs || Constipation research abs || Laxative research abs || hair research abs || hair related research references || testosterone related research references || melanin related research references

J Cutan Pathol. 2001 Jan;28(1):34-43.
Sub-populations of melanocytes in pigmented basal cell carcinoma: a quantitative, ultrastructural investigation.

Lao LM, Kumakiri M, Kiyohara T, Kuwahara H, Ueda K.

Department of Dermatology, Fukui Medical University, Japan.

BACKGROUND: Pigmentation is a characteristic clinical feature of basal cell carcinomas (BCCs) in Japanese patients. The pathogenesis of melanin pigment in pigmented BCCs is poorly understood. METHODS: We have combined the techniques of morphometric analysis and electron microscopy to assess accurately the morphologic aspects of melanocytes that occurred in pigmented and non-pigmented areas of pigmented BCCs. RESULTS: In the pigmented areas melanocytes were not only located along the basal membrane but also interspersed between tumor cells in the central parts of the tumor nest, and had large and numerous dendrites. Those in a supra-basal location displayed some degree of degeneration due to mitochondrion and melanosome swelling. In the non-pigmented areas melanocytes were only basally located, showed fewer dendrites, and frequently showed abortive melanosomes. However, melanocytes in these two different portions were in the active state of melanogenesis and proliferation. Ultrastructural cytomorphometric analysis also showed significant differences in most of the nuclear and cell parameters including nuclear and cell area, the nuclear/cell area ratio, cell perimeter and cell form factor between these two types of melanocytes. Particularly melanocytes in the pigmented areas were twice the cell size of the latter. In addition, the melanosomes remained almost completely in the apoptotic tumor cells, and the phagocytosis of the melanosome-containing apoptotic cells by the neighboring tumor cells appeared to be followed by the formation of the melanosome complexes. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that different populations of melanocytes are probably present in pigmented BCCs, and repeated cycles of phagocytosis of melanosome-containing apoptotic cells may represent the predominant way of forming large melanosome complexes. The present morphological observation and quantitative analysis provide a morphological basis for further studies to interpret other pathologic changes in pigmented BCCs.

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11168750&dopt=Abstract

J Cutan Pathol. 2001 Feb;28(2):105-8.
Depigmented genital extramammary Paget's disease: a possible histogenetic link to Toker's clear cells and clear cell papulosis.

Chen YH, Wong TW, Lee JY.

Department of Dermatology, National Cheng-Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan.

BACKGROUND: The histogenesis of extramammary Paget's disease (EMPD) is still controversial. Benign pagetoid cells of the nipple first described by Toker and the similar clear cells found in white maculopapules of clear cell papulosis (CCP) have been proposed to be potential precursor cells giving rise to EMPD and primary intraepidermal Paget's disease in the nipple. The observation of a rare case of depigmented EMPD provided us with a chance to examine further the interesting Toker's clear cell/CCP hypothesis. METHODS: We performed pathologic studies, including Fontana-Masson stain and immunostaining for AE1/AE3 and S100P, on a new case of depigmented EMPD manifesting a 4 x 3 cm hypopigmented-depigmented patch on the root of the penis. RESULTS: The lesion showed extensive intraepithelial proliferation of atypical pagetoid cells with markedly reduced epidermal melaninization but nearly normal numbers of melanocytes. The tumor cells were strongly positive for AE1/AE3 by immunostaining. Some tumor cells displayed tadpole-like morphology resembling the pagetoid cells of CCP. Such morphology was not observed in two random examples of non-depigmented genital EMPD. CONCLUSIONS: The findings of tadpole-shaped pagetoid cells and depigmentation in the present case suggest that depigmented EMPD may be histogenetically related to CCP. Depigmented EMPD should be considered in the differential diagnosis of vitiligo, depigmented mycosis fungoides and lichen sclerosus located along the milk line.

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11168760&dopt=Abstract

Biochem J. 2001 Feb 15;354(Pt 1):131-9.
The 5,6-dihydroxyindole-2-carboxylic acid (DHICA) oxidase activity of human tyrosinase.

Olivares C, Jimenez-Cervantes C, Lozano JA, Solano F, Garcia-Borron JC.

Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, University of Murcia, Apto 4021, Campus Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain.

Melanin synthesis in mammals is catalysed by at least three enzymic proteins, tyrosinase (monophenol dihydroxyphenylalanine:oxygen oxidoreductase, EC 1.14.18.1) and tyrosinase-related proteins (tyrps) 1 and 2, whose genes map to the albino, brown and slaty loci in mice, respectively. Tyrosinase catalyses the rate-limiting generation of L-dopaquinone from L-tyrosine and is also able to oxidize L-dopa to L-dopaquinone. Conversely, mouse tyrp1, but not tyrosinase, catalyses the oxidation of the indolic intermediate 5,6-dihydroxyindole-2-carboxylic acid (DHICA) into the corresponding 5,6-indolequinone-2-carboxylic acid, thus promoting the incorporation of DHICA units into eumelanin. The catalytic activities of the human melanogenic enzymes are still debated. TYRP1 has been reported to lack DHICA oxidase activity, whereas tyrosinase appears to accelerate DHICA consumption, thus raising the question of DHICA metabolism in human melanocytes. Here we have used two different approaches, comparison of the catalytic activities of human melanocytic cell lines expressing the full set of melanogenic enzymes or deficient in TYRP1, and transient expression of TYR and tyr genes in COS7 cells, to demonstrate that human tyrosinase actually functions as a DHICA oxidase, as opposed to the mouse enzyme. Therefore, human tyrosinase displays a broader substrate specificity than its mouse counterpart, and might be at least partially responsible for the incorporation of DHICA units into human eumelanins.

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11171088&dopt=Abstract

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