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Arch Bronconeumol. 2003 Jul;39(7):298-302.
Profile of smokers who seek treatment at a smoking cessation clinic.

[Article in English, Spanish]

Nerin I, Crucelaegui A, Mas A, Guillen D.

Departamento de Medicina y Psiquiatria. Unidad de Tabaquismo FMZ. Facultad de Medicina. Universidad de Zaragoza. Espana.

Objectives: The variety of smoking cessation therapies that have proven effective ranges from simple counseling to intensive interventions. The objective of our study was to identify the characteristics of smokers who currently seek treatment at a smoking cessation clinic.Methods: Descriptive observational study. The target population consisted of smokers who sought treatment at a smoking cessation clinic. The following variables were studied: sex; age; referral source; marital status; educational level; age at which smoking began, age at which it became a regular habit and the time elapsed between the two moments; level of nicotine dependence (Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence); number of cigarettes per day; number of years smoking; use of other potentially-addictive substances (alcohol, caffeine, psychotropic medications and other drugs); presence of concomitant disease; previous attempts to quit smoking; current reasons for smoking cessation; and concentration of expired air carbon monoxide (CO). An initial medical history was taken from each smoker on the waiting list for treatment at the clinic in order to gather data on the study variables; these individuals were then enrolled in a 3-month group smoking cessation program that utilized both medication and cognitive-behavioral therapy. The results are presented in percentages and means with standard deviations (SD) and 95% confidence intervals (CI).Results: 385 smokers were studied--239 (62%) men and 146 (38%) women--the average age being 43.05 years (SD: 9.07). Mean nicotine-dependence (Fagerstrom Test score) was 6.05 (SD: 2.19); mean number of cigarettes per day: 25.9 (SD: 12.11); mean number of years as a smoker: 25.3 (SD: 9.04); and mean expired air CO: 39.30 (SD: 25.18). Associated disease was present as chronic bronchitis for 27.5% and cardiovascular risk factors for 15%. Previous attempts to quit smoking were reported by 72%; the reasons for the present attempt to quit smoking were the prevention of disease (38%), awareness of dependence (20%) and parental desire to serve as a positive role model for children (10%).Conclusions: At present, the smokers who attend a smoking cessation clinic are young, severely-dependent adults in the initial stage of preparing to quit. The prevalence of symptoms in this population is low. The profile of the population seeking specialized smoking cessation treatment is expected to change in the future as those with smoking-related diseases and other specific populations of smokers become included.

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12846958&dopt=Abstract [PubMed - in process]

Psychopharmacology (Berl). 1999 Mar;142(4):408-12.
Exposure to nicotine enhances acquisition of ethanol drinking by laboratory rats in a limited access paradigm.

Smith BR, Horan JT, Gaskin S, Amit Z.

Centre for Studies in Behavioral Neurobiology, Department of Psychology, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.

Observations in humans suggest that the initial use of tobacco occurs in close temporal proximity to experimentation with alcohol. There have been relatively few research reports, however, examining possible interactions between these two agents. The present experiments examined the effect of nicotine exposure on the acquisition of ethanol drinking behavior in a limited access procedure. In experiment 1, rats were presented with 1-h access to ethanol solutions of increasing concentration for a period of 20 days. Subcutaneous injections of nicotine (0.6 or 1.2 mg/kg salt) or vehicle were administered 30 min prior to each ethanol presentation. Experiment 2 used a similar method, but rats were presented with water along with ethanol during the 1-h test session. Mecamylamine, a nicotinic receptor antagonist, was administered 30 min prior to the nicotine treatment. Nicotine was seen to produce a dose-dependent increase in ethanol drinking behavior which commenced at the 5% ethanol concentration and continued at 8% and again at 10%. In the second experiment, mecamylamine was observed to block completely the nicotine-induced increase in ethanol drinking behavior. The findings suggest that exposure to nicotine can facilitate the acquisition of ethanol drinking behavior in naive rats and that this effect is mediated by nicotine's interaction at the nicotinic-cholinergic receptor.

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=10229066&dopt=Abstract

Arch Bronconeumol. 2003 Jul;39(7):303-309.
A version of DSM-IV criteria adapted for adolescents and applied to young smokers.

[Article in English, Spanish]

Clemente Jimenez ML, Perez Trullen A, Rubio Aranda E, Marron Tundidor R, Rodriguez Ibanez ML, Herrero Labarga I.

Especialista en Medicina Familiar y Comunitaria. Unidad Docente de Huesca. CS Perpetuo Socorro. Huesca. Espana.

Objectives: To evaluate nicotine dependence in adolescent smokers using a version of DSM-IV criteria for nicotine dependence adapted for adolescents (DSM-IVa). To establish its usefulness and the most relevant items for diagnosing adolescent smokers.Population and methods: Two thousand six hundred forty-seven schoolchildren between 10 and 17 years old were surveyed. A sample size was calculated for each year of age, using the finite population equation with the addition of 10% so that the absolute error would not increase at the end of the study if questionnaires were withdrawn. The sample was stratified by sex and type of school for each age group, with allocation to each stratum proportional to the number of individuals. Schools and students were selected using random number tables. The questionnaire collected the most significant personal data and information related to DSM-IVa criteria.Results: Smokers made up 23.1% of the sample, and 63.5% of them smoked daily. According to the DSM-IVa criteria, 70.7% of the smokers were nicotine dependent. The DSM-IVa had a kappa value of 1 and internal consistency was good (Cronbach's α: 0.5598).Conclusions: The DSM-IVa is useful in the studied population, although not perfect. According to the criteria, 70.7% of those interviewed were already nicotine dependent. The key questions were those that referred to the presence of nicotine withdrawal syndrome symptoms and the need to spend a large amount of free time obtaining or smoking cigarettes.

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12846959&dopt=Abstract [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

Loss of hair changes the appearance of a person, and the identity of the person in social context to a certain extent. Hair growth is a complex biological process, which has not yet been completely understood. A multitude of therapeutic measures, including drugs, surgery, and suppelements have been made available, and used. However, due to the diversity of the problems underlying hair loss, there is no single solution for all hair loss cases. Most of chemical drugs and hair transplantation surgeries are not free from varying degrees of undesirable side effects on health.

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