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Interferon research abs 1 ||
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hair related research references ||
testosterone related research references ||
melanin related research references ||
nicotine related research references
Brain Res. 2003 Jul 25;979(1-2):114-28.
Nicotine is a neurotoxin in the adolescent brain: critical periods, patterns of exposure, regional selectivity, and dose thresholds for macromolecular alterations.
Abreu-Villaca Y, Seidler FJ, Tate CA, Slotkin TA.
Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, 27710, Durham, NC, USA.
In the fetus, nicotine is a neuroteratogen that elicits cell damage and loss and subsequent abnormalities of synaptic function. We explored whether these effects extend into adolescence, the period when most people begin smoking. Beginning on postnatal day 30, rats were given a 1 week regimen of nicotine infusions or twice-daily injections, at doses (0.6, 2 and 6 mg/kg/day) set to achieve plasma levels found in occasional to regular smokers. We assessed indices of cell packing density and cell number (DNA concentration and content), cell size (total protein/DNA ratio) and neuritic projections (membrane/total protein) in the midbrain, hippocampus and cerebral cortex, three regions known to be vulnerable to developmental effects of nicotine. With either route of administration, nicotine evoked shortfalls in DNA concentration and content, compensatory elevations of total protein/DNA, and reductions in the membrane/total protein ratio. Nearly all of the effects were apparent even at the lowest dose of nicotine and remained fully evident 1 month posttreatment. Although both males and females showed significant alterations, in general the effects were larger in females. Our results indicate that in adolescence, even a brief period of continuous or intermittent nicotine exposure, elicits lasting alterations in biomarkers associated with cellular and neuritic damage. As the effects are detected at exposures that produce plasma concentrations one-tenth of those in regular smokers, the exquisite sensitivity of the adolescent brain to nicotine neurotoxicity may contribute to lasting neurobehavioral damage even in occasional smokers.
online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12850578&dopt=Abstract [PubMed - in process]
Brain Res. 2003 Jul 25;979(1-2):245-8.
Novel neurotensin analog blocks the initiation and expression of nicotine-induced locomotor sensitization.
Fredrickson P, Boules M, Yerbury S, Richelson E.
Nicotine Dependence Center, Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research, and Mayo Clinic Jacksonville, 32224, Jacksonville, FL, USA.
Neurotensin is a tridecapeptide that participates in regulation of dopaminergic pathways implicated in nicotine addiction. Previously, we showed that one of our brain-penetrating neurotensin analogs, NT69L, blocks nicotine-induced locomotor sensitization. The present work demonstrates that NT69L blocks both the initiation and the expression of sensitization. In addition chronic NT69L administration blocked the acute effects of nicotine on norepinephrine and serotonin in prefrontal cortex.
online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12850594&dopt=Abstract [PubMed - in process]
Drug Alcohol Rev. 2003 Jun;22(2):191-202.
Pharmacotherapies to enhance smoking cessation during pregnancy.
Oncken CA, Kranzler HR.
Department of Medicine, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington 06030, USA. onckeso2.uchc.edu
Smoking during pregnancy is a significant public health concern. Maternal smoking increases the risk of spontaneous abortion, low birth weight, premature delivery, sudden infant death syndrome and learning and behavioral problems in the offspring. Unfortunately, the majority of pregnant women do not quit smoking during pregnancy. Although pharmacotherapy may improve smoking cessation rates in pregnancy, very few studies exist that have studied the safety and efficacy of medications to treat pregnant smokers. This article reviews the available safety and efficacy data for the use in pregnancy of the five first-line therapies and two second-line therapies that are recommended for smoking cessation in non-pregnant smokers. Other promising nicotine replacement therapies are also reviewed. Ultimately, the choice whether to use pharmacotherapy for smoking cessation should be made jointly by the pregnant smoker and her health care provider. This article reviews factors that may be considered when prescribing pharmacotherapy to pregnant smokers (i.e. the role of behavioral counseling, identification of appropriate patients, potential advantages and disadvantages of each of the pharmacotherapies, proposed monitoring strategies, dose and duration and goals of treatment). More research regarding the safety and efficacy of pharmacotherapy during pregnancy is needed to define the risk/benefit profile of each medication for use in smoking cessation in pregnant women.
online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12850906&dopt=Abstract [PubMed - in process]
Hair loss is genetically influenced, but it is always difficult to predict. Overall, more than 50% of US men suffer hair loss by their age of 45. Men are more likely to lose hair than women. Hair Million offers an alternative solution to hair loss problems. Anecdotal evidence and personal experiences indicate the efficacy of this herbal blend in improveming age-related hair thinning and hair loss for a number of people who take it. The mechanism of action as to how Hair Million works to help stop hair loss, and promote hair growth is totally unknown. It is only known by anecdotal observations. There has been no clinical trials nor placebo controlled statistical analysis on the efficacy of Hair Million on hair loss and hair growth. Propecia is a clinically tested drug for the purpose of reversing hair loss.
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