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Interferon research abs 1 || Hemoglobin research abs || Stem cell research abs || Nucleic acid research abs || Herpes research abs || Bronchitis research abs || Schizophrenia research abs || Tuberculosis research abs || Pneumonia research abs || Constipation research abs || Laxative research abs || hair research abs || hair related research references || testosterone related research references || melanin related research references || nicotine related research references

Swed Dent J. 2003;27(2):67-75.
The influence of pH and nicotine concentration in oral moist snuff on mucosal changes and salivary pH in Swedish snuff users.

Andersson G, Warfvinge G.

Department of Oral Surgery and Oral Medicine, Centre for Oral Health Sciences, Malmo University, SE-205 06 Malmo, Sweden. gunilla.anderssod.mah.se

The use of Swedish oral moist snuff is a widespread habit in Sweden. In 1999, 25% of the adult male population and 3.1% of the female population were users of snuff. The aim of the present study was to evaluate how variations in pH and nicotine concentrations of snuff affect the oral mucosa, clinically and histologically, salivary pH and daily nicotine intake in 20 habitual users of loose snuff. The subjects were studied during use of their usual brand, after 12 weeks use of a snuff with lower pH and after another 12 weeks use of a snuff with both lower pH and lower nicotine concentration. Consumption data, oral soft tissue changes, salivary pH and nicotine intake were measured. Further, biopsies were taken from the central part of the clinically observed lesions and histological changes were analysed. The subjects maintained their snuff consumption during the observation periods. The average salivary pH was higher during snuff use than in the morning. Further, it was higher shortly after the snuff was removed than during snuff use. After having switched to the snuff with both lower pH and lower nicotine concentrations, they showed a significant reduction in daily nicotine intake and developed significantly less pronounced clinical and histological changes. These results indicate that nicotine is one of the substances in snuff that has a biological effect on the oral mucosa. However, there also seems to be a synergistic effect between the pH and nicotine concentration in the snuff.

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12856395&dopt=Abstract

Pol J Pharmacol. 2003 Jan-Feb;55(1):97-102.
Relationship between the level and time of exposure to tobacco smoke and urine nicotine and cotinine concentration.

Florek E, Piekoszewski W, Wrzosek J.

Department of Toxicology, Karol Marcinkowski University of Medical Sciences, Dojzad 30, PL 60-631 Poznan, Poland.

The study attempts to evaluate whether it is possible to determine time and level of exposure of rats to tobacco smoke based on nicotine and cotinine content in urine. The animals were exposed to tobacco smoke by inhalation in a specially designed experimental chambers. The exposure to three different tobacco smoke levels (500, 1000 and 1500 mg CO/m3 of air) lasted 6 h per day, for one, three and five days. Nicotine and cotinine concentrations were measured in daily urine using high performance liquid chromatography procedure developed by the authors. It has been shown that cotinine but not nicotine can be used as a biomarker of time and extent of exposure to tobacco smoke.

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12856832&dopt=Abstract [PubMed - in process]

J Natl Med Assoc. 2003 Jun;95(6):461-74.
Postpartum relapse to cigarette smoking in inner city women.

Hymowitz N, Schwab M, McNerney C, Schwab J, Eckholdt H, Haddock K.

Department of Psychiatry, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey-New Jersey Medical School, Behavioral Health Sciences Building, F 1510, 183 South Orange Avenue, Newark, NJ 07103, USA.

Past studies suggest that African American women who quit smoking during pregnancy are more likely to relapse during the postpartum period than white women, although it is not intuitively clear why this should be the case. To shed further light on this issue, two studies were carried out to determine factors that influence smoking cessation during pregnancy and postpartum relapse to smoking in a predominantly low-income African American population. In Study 1, the women were asked to fill out a written survey, and in Study 2, women participated in a structured interview. The same variables that influence smoking cessation and postpartum relapse in the general population, such as nicotine addiction levels, smoking by other members of the household, lack of social support, stress, weight gain, behavioral intentions to quit temporarily, and quitting for others, as opposed to one's self, influenced the behavior of low-income inner city residents. These findings suggest that the difference in rates of postpartum relapse to smoking in African American women and the general population is a matter of degree, rather than kind. The implications of these findings for understanding postpartum relapse in general and assisting low-income women in particular were discussed.

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12856912&dopt=Abstract

The average human scalp is covered by approximatey 100,000 hair follicles. Each hair undergoes hair cycle and normally 50-100 hairs randomly fall out a day, which is unnoticeable because lost hair is replaced by as many new hairs springing up daily. Hair loss results from the fall out of hair from the hair follicle. Alopecia or excessive, premature hair loss is the condition caused by many factors. Loss of hair itself does not pose critical health problems because biological role of human hair is relatively marginal. Hair on our scalp protects the head from mechanical shock, heat loss, and exposure to UV-light. The eyelashes and eyebrowes protect the eyes, and hair in the ear canal or the nasal passages help filter out particles and pathogens, thus protecting our internal organs. However, hair does play important social role: it is one of the major determinants of our appearance and identity in daily life. Fullness of hair also implicates or manifests physical integrity and youthfulness of the person. Losing hair could have more than just emotional impacts on individuals. The hair is a unique organ that goes through a characteristic cycle consisting of an immature phase, a growing phase called anagen, a transitional phase between the growing phase and the resting phase called catagen, and finally a resting phase called telogen in which the hair stops growing, waiting to fall out. 85-90% of hairs on our body are in anagen phase or growing phase, which lasts anywhere from two to five years. This phase is followed by a short regression phase, or catagen, which lasts 2-3 weeks. Approximately 1% of hair follicles are in catagen. Approximately 10-15% of hair follicles are in the resting phase, the telogen, which lasts about 3-5 months. Hair follicles typically goes through 10-20 asynchronous cycles during the lifetime. Persistent loss of more than 150 hairs would consist a state of hair loss, or alopecia, albeit it could be temporary.

DHEA is a natural hormone, and it is produced in our body by the adrenal glands. DHEA has been suggested to provide numerous potential benefits. DHEA (or dehydroepiandrosterone) is converted into androgens (male hormones) or estrogens (female hormones) in the cells. Our bodies produce decreasing amount of DHEA as we get older. various health benefits: To deter aging, improve sexual function/erectile dysfunction, treat cognitive decline, enhance athletic performance, facilitate weight loss, improve strength, prevent osteoporosis, enhance immunomodulation for rheumatic conditions, and treat depression.

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