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hair related research references ||
testosterone related research references ||
melanin related research references ||
nicotine related research references
Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 2002 Dec;74(1):213-20.
Chromaproline and Chromaperidine, nicotine agonists, and Donepezil, cholinesterase inhibitor, enhance performance of memory tasks in ovariectomized rats.
Luine VN, Mohan G, Tu Z, Efange SM.
Department of Psychology, Hunter College of CUNY, 695 Park Avenue, New York, NY 10021, USA. vluinunter.cuny.edu
Chromaproline and Chromaperidine, two recently synthesized and pharmacologically characterized nicotinic agonists, and Donepezil (Aricept), an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor approved for the treatment of memory loss, were evaluated for effects on performance of a visual recognition memory task (object recognition) and a spatial memory task (object placement). Ovariectomized female rats received the drugs chronically via subcutaneous Alzet minipumps. None of the drugs altered activity in the open field or the time spent exploring objects in the field. One week following initiation of treatment, all three drugs enhanced performance of the visual recognition task, but only Donepezil enhanced performance of the spatial memory task. With a longer period of treatment (3 weeks), the nicotinic agonist Chromaproline also enhanced object placement performance. Current results show the memory-enhancing efficacy of Donepezil in two additional memory tasks in rats and suggest that the novel nicotinic agonists, Chromaproline and Chromaperidine, may also be useful new drugs for the treatment of memory impairments/loss.
online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12376170&dopt=Abstract
Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2002 Oct;11(10 Pt 1):998-1003.
Exposure levels and cytochrome P450 1A2 activity, but not N-acetyltransferase, glutathione S-transferase (GST) M1 and T1, influence urinary mutagen excretion in smokers.
Pavanello S, Simioli P, Lupi S, Gregorio P, Clonfero E.
Section of Occupational Health, Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, University of Padua, I-35128 Padua, Italy.
We investigated the polymorphic enzymes cytochrome P450 1A2 (CYP1A2), N-acetyltransferase (NAT2), glutathione S-transferase (GST) M1 (GSTM1), and T1 (GSTT1) in relation to cigarette smoking-associated urinary mutagenicity detected on YG1024 Salmonella typhimurium strain with S9 mix in 97 smokers. In each subject, cigarette smoke intake was checked by analysis of urinary nicotine plus its metabolites. NAT2 and CYP1A2 phenotypes were determined by the molar ratio of urinary caffeine metabolites detected by high-performance liquid chromatography, and GSTT1 and GSTM1 genotypes were determined by PCR. An increase in urinary mutagenicity was significantly related to levels of exposure to cigarette smoke and CYP1A2 N-hydroxylation activity (linear multiple regression analysis t = 4.51 and P < 0.001 and t = 3.09 and P = 0.003; F = 6.31, P < 0.001). Urinary mutagenicity was significantly higher in CYP1A2 extensive metabolizer smokers (n = 49) than in CYP1A2 poor metabolizer ones (n = 48; 2176 +/- 1525 versus 1384 +/- 1206 revertants/mmol creatinine, Mann-Whitney U-test, z = 2.65, P < 0.001). The highest mutagenic activity was seen in subjects CYP1A2 extensive metabolizer/NAT2 slow acetylators (n = 29) with respect to the other phenotype combinations (n = 68; 2392 +/- 1660 versus 1525 +/- 1238 revertants/mmol creatinine, Mann-Whitney U-test, z = 2.37, P = 0.017). NAT2 acetylation activity was slightly but inversely related to urinary mutagenicity, and the association was not significant. No effect of GSTM1 and GSTT1 genotypes in lowering (detoxifying) urinary mutagens was found. The significant enhancement of urinary mutagenicity associated with increased CYP1A2 activity, as already seen for diet-caused urinary mutagenicity, allows for many analogies between the process of mutagen formation derived from cooked meat and that from cigarette smoke condensate. In conclusion, the intensity of tobacco smoke exposure, modulated by CYP1A2 activity, is the major determinant of mutagenic urine among smokers, whereas GSTM1 and GSTT1 genotypes have no influence on this biomarker. This study suggests that CYP1A2 should definitely be determined in future studies involving urinary mutagenicity in cases in which smoking is a factor.
online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12376499&dopt=Abstract
Alcohol. 2002 Aug;28(1):1-7.
Repeated nicotine injections decrease operant ethanol self-administration.
Sharpe AL, Samson HH.
Center for the Neurobehavioral Study of Alcohol, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157-1083, USA. sharpehsu.edu
Nicotine and alcohol are two of the most used drugs in the United States. However, it is not clear whether the co-use of these drugs is due to pharmacological or environmental reasons, or perhaps related to both. Although results from previous studies in animal models seem to indicate that nicotine has an effect on ethanol consumption, little has been done to determine how nicotine affects appetitive and consummatory phases of ethanol self-administration. In this study, we examined the effect of repeated treatment with nicotine (0, 0.35, and 0.7 mg/kg, s.c.), given 30 min before a daily operant session, on appetitive and consummatory phases of Long-Evans rats self-administering 10% (vol./vol.) ethanol in a sipper-tube model. Ethanol intake (consummatory phase) decreased at both doses of nicotine tested, and lever pressing (appetitive phase) decreased after injection of the high dose of nicotine. These results support the suggestion that nicotine affects ethanol self-administration. However, in this model, the findings demonstrate a reduction in drinking, rather than the enhancement that has been shown in findings obtained from other studies.
online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12377355&dopt=Abstract
Hair loss is a problem in modern soceity. Examining the factors of hair growth may
shed light on how hair loss might occur.
How long can hair grow before it stops growing eventually if it does?
Given that the hair growth rate is quite uniform and constant, somewhere between 0.3-0.5 millimeters per day, it's believed that the length of anagen, the growth phase, differs among individuals, and this is the major determinant to the maximum hair length. For some individuals, anagen may last ten years. Of course the length of the anagen is governed by genes, and the genetic background of the individuals. Non-genetic factors such as nutritional condition, weather, seasonal changes (hair may grow a bit faster during winter), taking medications, health condition may of course influence the rate of
hair growth as well as
hair loss.
The shape of the hair, straight or curly, is dependent on the shape of the follicle. A circular or round hair follicle would generate straight hair, while the follicle with oval or elliptical shapes (in its cross-section) would produce a curly hair.
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