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Interferon research abs 1 || Hemoglobin research abs || Stem cell research abs || Nucleic acid research abs || Herpes research abs || Bronchitis research abs || Schizophrenia research abs || Tuberculosis research abs || Pneumonia research abs || Constipation research abs || Laxative research abs || hair research abs || hair related research references || testosterone related research references || melanin related research references || nicotine related research references

J Ayub Med Coll Abbottabad. 2003 Jan-Mar;15(1):41-4.
Effect of chronic tobacco use on salivary concentrations of sodium and potassium.

Khan GJ, Mehmood R, Salah-ud-Din, Ihtesham-ul-Haq.

Department of Physiology, Khyber Medical College, Peshawar.

BACKGROUND: Most of the methods of tobacco are use linked to the oral cavity where the taste receptors, a primary site for stimulation of salivary secretion, are constantly exposed to tobacco. It is generally believed that repeated exposure of a receptor to a stimulus results in inactivation (suppression) of the receptor. The present study was designed to document changes in salivary concentrations of sodium (Na+) and potassium (K+) in response to this effect in chronic tobacco users. METHODS: Subjects of the study were divided into smokers, pan (tobacco-betel-lime quid) chewers, niswar (moist oral snuff) differs and non tobacco users as controls. The saliva of each subject was collected under resting condition and following application of crude nicotine and citric acid solutions to the tip of his tongue. RESULTS: After stimulation with nicotine all groups exhibited an increase in sodium concentration but the increase was significant (p < 0.05) in pan chewers only. However all groups showed a highly significant (p < 0.005) increase in sodium concentration after citric acid stimulation. No statistically significant (p > 0.05) decrease in potassium concentration was observed in any group after nicotine stimulation but all chronic tobacco user groups showed a highly significant (p < 0.005) decrease after citric acid stimulation. CONCLUSION: We conclude the sodium concentration increases and that of potassium decreases with the increase in salivary flow rates and this observation in chronic tobacco users was not much different from that in non tobacco users.

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12870317&dopt=Abstract

J Psychopharmacol. 2003 Jun;17(2):234-8.
Serum clozapine levels: a review of their clinical utility.

Greenwood-Smith C, Lubman DI, Castle DJ.

Royal Melbourne Hospital, Victoria, Australia.

Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) is frequently utilized in the treatment of psychiatric conditions, but its clinical application concerning the use of clozapine is unclear. We present three case reports of patients taking clozapine, review the relevant literature, and propose guidelines to aid the clinical use of TDM of clozapine. Due to its complex metabolism, there are significant inter- and intra-individual variations in clozapine serum levels, for a given dose. However, the range of serum levels that corresponds with toxicity remains unclear. Although central nervous system side-effects may correlate with serum level, many adverse effects of clozapine appear to be unrelated, including haematological and cardiac events. There are numerous clinically significant interactions between clozapine and other substances, including prescribed medications, nicotine and caffeine. TDM of clozapine may be of clinical value in certain situations, such as poor clinical response; signs of toxicity; onset of seizures; changes in concurrent medication, caffeine or nicotine; liver disease; and suspected non-compliance. The current literature does not support the routine testing of serum clozapine levels in everyday clinical practice.

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12870573&dopt=Abstract [PubMed - in process]

Neuropharmacology. 2003 Sep;45(3):345-54.
The mouse Chrna4 A529T polymorphism alters the ratio of high to low affinity alpha4beta2 nAChRs.

Kim H, Flanagin BA, Qin C, Macdonald RL, Stitzel JA.

Department of Neurology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0316, USA.

Previously, a missense polymorphism was identified in the mouse nicotinic receptor alpha4 subunit gene, Chrna4. This polymorphism leads to an Ala/Thr variation at amino acid position 529 of the alpha4 subunit. Chrna4 A529T is associated with several measures of acute sensitivity to nicotine as well as with mouse strain differences in nicotine-stimulated (86)Rb(+) efflux from synaptosomes. Here, we report that the variant forms of the mouse alpha4 subunit confer functional differences when expressed with the beta2 subunit in a heterologous system. alpha4beta2 receptors containing the T529 variant of the alpha4 subunit exhibited a higher EC(50) value for the high affinity receptor population and an apparent reduced sensitivity to blockade by DHbetaE relative to alpha4beta2 receptors containing the A529 variant of the alpha4 subunit. Moreover, the proportion of the total agonist-elicited current contributed by the high affinity alpha4beta2 receptor population was greater for alpha4beta2 receptors containing the alpha4(T529) variant (64%) than the alpha4beta2 receptors containing the alpha4(A529) variant (41%). These data suggest that the polymorphism in the mouse alpha4 subunit is located in a previously unidentified functional domain of the receptor subunit that influences receptor function, including regulation of the affinity population ratio of alpha4beta2 receptors.

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12871652&dopt=Abstract [PubMed - in process]

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