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Interferon research abs 1 || Hemoglobin research abs || Stem cell research abs || Nucleic acid research abs || Herpes research abs || Bronchitis research abs || Schizophrenia research abs || Tuberculosis research abs || Pneumonia research abs || Constipation research abs || Laxative research abs || hair research abs || hair related research references || testosterone related research references || melanin related research references || nicotine related research references

Addiction. 2003 Aug;98(8):1101-10.
Intentionally reduced smoking among untreated general population smokers: prevalence, stability, prediction of smoking behaviour change and differences between subjects choosing either reduction or abstinence.

Meyer C, Rumpf HJ, Schumann A, Hapke U, John U.

University of Greifswald, Institute of Epidemiology and Social Medicine, Greifswald, Germany. chmeyeni-greifswald.de

AIMS: To compare data from the general population on intentionally reduced smoking and smoking cessation. DESIGN: Longitudinal observation study. SETTING: Northern German region. SUBJECTS: Randomly sampled residents aged 18-64 (T1; n = 4075, response rate 70%). Daily cigarette smokers (n = 1520) were followed up after 30 (T2; n = 913) and 36 months (T3; n = 786). MEASURES: Self-reported smoking-related and socioeconomic variables. Participants were explicitly asked for reduction attempts (reducing cigarettes per day) and maintenance of reduction, which was defined independently of consumption measures. FINDINGS: Between T1 and T2, reduction attempts (39%) were more frequent than quit attempts (33%), and according to self-report, reduction was more likely to be maintained for up to 12 months. Smokers maintaining reduction for up to 6 months had reduced their consumption at T3 by 34% compared with T2. Between T1 and T2, the occurrence of both a reduction and a quit attempt was most frequent (22%), followed by subjects exclusively trying to reduce (17%) and subjects exclusively trying to quit (4%). Subjects who exclusively tried to reduce had a significantly increased probability of further reduction attempts at T3 (OR = 4.4, 95% CI 2.0-10.1), while the probability of quit attempts was equal compared with subjects not attempting to reduce or quit (OR = 1.1, 95% CI 0.3-3.2). DSM-IV nicotine dependence was less common in subjects who exclusively tried to reduce. Other smoking-related and socioeconomic variables did not predict whether individuals attempted to reduce or attempted to quit. CONCLUSIONS: A considerable proportion of general population smokers attempt to reduce, and are able to maintain reduction of, cigarette consumption over time. Reduction attempts did not reduce the probability of a subsequent cessation attempt.

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12873244&dopt=Abstract [PubMed - in process]

Addiction. 2003 Aug;98(8):1111-7.
Four-year follow-up of smoke exposure, attitudes and smoking behaviour following enactment of Finland's national smoke-free work-place law.

Heloma A, Jaakkola MS.

Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland. Antero.Helomtl.fi

AIMS: This study evaluated the possible impact of national smoke-free work-place legislation on employee exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS), employee smoking habits and attitudes on work-place smoking regulations. DESIGN: Repeated cross-sectional questionnaire surveys and indoor air nicotine measurements were carried out before, and 1 and 3 years after the law had come into effect. SETTING: Industrial, service sector and office work-places from the Helsinki metropolitan area, Finland. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 880, 940 and 659 employees (response rates 70%, 75% and 75%) in eight work-places selected from a register kept by the Uusimaa Regional Institute of Occupational Health to represent various sectors of public and private work-places. MEASUREMENTS: Reported exposure to ETS, smoking habits, attitudes on smoking at work and measurements of indoor air nicotine concentration. FINDINGS: Employee exposure to ETS for at least 1 hour daily decreased steadily during the 4-year follow-up, from 51% in 1994 to 17% in 1995 and 12% in 1998. Respondents' daily smoking prevalence and tobacco consumption diminished 1 year after the enforcement of legislation from 30% to 25%, and remained at 25% in the last survey 3 years later. Long-term reduction in smoking was confined to men. Both smokers' and non-smokers' attitudes shifted gradually towards favouring a total ban on smoking at work. Median indoor airborne nicotine concentrations decreased from 0.9 micro g/m3 in 1994-95 to 0.1 micro g/m3 in 1995-96 and 1998. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first follow-up study on a nationally implemented smoke-free work-place law. We found that such legislation is associated with steadily reducing ETS exposure at work, particularly at work-places, where the voluntary smoking regulations have failed to reduce exposure. The implementation of the law also seemed to encourage smokers to accept a non-smoking work-place as the norm.

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12873245&dopt=Abstract [PubMed - in process]

Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 2003 May;75(2):355-61.
Increased anxiety-like behavior in adult rats exposed to nicotine as adolescents.

Slawecki CJ, Gilder A, Roth J, Ehlers CL.

Department of Neuropharmacology, CVN-14, Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA. cslaweckcripps.edu

OBJECTIVE: Twenty percent of adolescents between 12 and 18 years old are regular smokers. Recently developed animal models demonstrate that adolescent nicotine exposure produces behavioral and electrophysiological changes, which persist into adulthood. The purpose of this study was to further define the behavioral effects of nicotine exposure during adolescence. METHODS: Male 31-36-day-old adolescent rats were administered 5.0 mg/kg/day nicotine using transdermal Nicoderm CQ patches (SmithKline Beecham). During nicotine exposure, motor activity was assessed. Behavior in both standard open field and modified open field was examined 2-3 weeks after exposure ended. RESULTS: Nicotine exposure significantly enhanced motor activity in nicotine-exposed rats compared with controls, demonstrating the acute stimulatory effects of transdermal nicotine. Two to three weeks after nicotine exposure ended, significantly lower levels of exploratory activity were observed relative to controls in the standard open field. Rats exposed to nicotine during adolescence also retreated to the perimeter of the open field more quickly than control rats. In a modified open field, nicotine exposure reduced approaches to food, contact with food and food intake. CONCLUSIONS: Taken together, these data suggest that adolescent nicotine exposure may induce an anxiogenic profile, which persists beyond acute nicotine withdrawal. Given the hypothesized role of stress and anxiety in the maintenance of smoking, it could be speculated that anxiety associated with smoking abstinence may play an important role in continued adolescent tobacco use.

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12873627&dopt=Abstract [PubMed - in process]

Natural Herbal Supplement: Hair Million

Hair Loss, or alopecia is a concern for increasing number of folks in aging society. Loss of hair is a visible problem, and affects the appearance and changes identity of a person.
The phenomenon of hair thinning and hair loss is most commonly associated with natural aging, although there are many other causes of hair loss, which include inherited or genetic conditions, illnesses, malnutrition, stress, hormonal problems, chemotherapy, and use of some drugs.
Hair growth is a sophisticated biological process, which has not yet been completely understood. A multitude of therapeutic measures, including drugs, surgery, and suppelements have been made available, and used. However, due to the heterogeneity in the underlying cause, there is no perfect cure for all hair loss cases. Most of chemical drugs and hair transplantation surgeries are not free from varying degrees of undesirable side effects on health.

Hair Million is an alternative solution to hair loss problems. Anecdotally, it shows prositive results and improvement for age-related hair thinning and hair loss for a fraction of people who take it. We do not know the mechanisms of action as to how Hair Million works to help stop hair loss, and promote hair growth. We only know by anecdotal observations. There has been no clinical trials nor placebo controlled statistical analysis on the efficacy of Hair Million on hair loss and hair growth. However, there are two merits in this hair restoration herbal formula:
Firstly, Hair Million is rather inexpensive, and secondly, it is made of well known herbs that are safe when consumed in regular quantities.

DHEA is a natural hormone, and it is produced in our body by the adrenal glands. DHEA has been suggested to provide numerous potential benefits. DHEA (or dehydroepiandrosterone) is converted into androgens (male hormones) or estrogens (female hormones) in the cells.

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