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hair related research references ||
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melanin related research references ||
nicotine related research references
An Sist Sanit Navar. 1999 May;22(2):233-40.
[Prevalence of smoking, awareness and evaluation of cessation methods amongst medical students]
[Article in Spanish]
Alegre M, Gutierrez A, Olivan V, Vara E, Martinez-Gonzalez M, Aguinaga I, Guillen F.
Servicio de Epidemiologia Area de Sanidad y Medio Ambiente, Ayto de Pamplona, 31001 Pamplona, Spain. f.guillen.grimpna.es
This work describes and analyses the prevalence of smoking amongst medical students, their awareness of the methods of smoking cessation and the effectiveness they attribute to these methods and to medical advice. A questionnaire was distributed to students of medicine at the University of Navarra with open questions on the methods of smoking cessation of which they were aware, the effectiveness attributed to each of these and the effectiveness attributed to medical advice. Information was also gathered on: sex, year of study, smoking habit, average number of cigarettes smoked per day and the length of exposure to tobacco. Of 480 valid interviews, the prevalence of active smokers was 27.5% (CI 95%: 23.5-31.9); 4.2% ex-smokers and 68.3% who had never smoked. 42.7% named nicotine patches as a method of cessation and 25.2% nicotine chewing gum. With respect to the effectiveness attributed to each method, a median and interquartile range (IQR) of 20% (0-50) for the nicotine patches, 10% (0-40) for nicotine chewing gum and 20% (1-50) for medical advice. The more senior students and those that had been smoking for longer mentioned nicotine patches more frequently; more women than men knew about nicotine chewing gum. The senior students attributed greater effectiveness to nicotine patches. A future reduction is predicted in the number of active smokers in the medical sector. Amongst medical students the effectiveness of medical advice is overestimated. It is necessary to increase awareness of the methods for smoking cessation amongst medical students.
online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12886350&dopt=Abstract [PubMed - in process]
Arch Insect Biochem Physiol. 2003 Aug;53(4):172-85.
Antisense inhibition of neuronal nicotinic receptors in the tobacco-feeding insect, Manduca sexta.
Fickbohm D, Trimmer BA.
Department of Biology, Dana Laboratory, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts, 02155, USA.
Acetylcholine is the predominant excitatory transmitter in the insect central nervous system with many of its effects mediated by nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. These receptors are present at very high density and are structurally heterogeneous, although little is known about functional distinctions between them. An interesting system for examining these receptors is the larval stage of Manduca sexta, a nicotine-resistant tobacco-feeding insect. The nicotinic responses of cultured neurons were found to be blocked by mecamylamine and curare but highly resistant to alpha-bungarotoxin. The responses were also unaffected by the reducing agent dithiothreitol and the alkylating agent bromoacetylcholine suggesting that the alpha-subunit dicysteine agonist binding site is protected. To begin determining the functional roles of different subunits in these receptors, cultured neurons were treated with oligonucleotides based on the gene sequence of the alpha subunit, MARA1. Antisense DNA caused a significant downward shift in the amplitude distribution of nicotinic responses compared to sense or reverse antisense treatments. These treatments did not affect currents mediated by the application of GABA. The reduction in the nicotinic depolarization and inward currents did not affect the rate of current onset or recovery, suggesting that antisense MARA1 causes a partial block of all nicotinic responses in these neurons. These results demonstrate that receptor gene expression in insect neurons can be manipulated in a sequence-specific manner by antisense treatment and they provide evidence that MARA1 is important for normal nicotinic responses in Manduca. 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12886515&dopt=Abstract
Ann Ital Med Int. 2003 Apr-Jun;18(2):73-82.
[In Process Citation]
[Article in Italian]
Lugoboni F, Quaglio G, Sarti M, Pajusco B, Mezzelani P, Lechi A.
Servizio di Medicina delle Dipendenze, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Chirurgiche, Universita degli Studi, Azienda Ospedaliera di Verona.
Cigarette smoking is the number one avoidable killer in the industrial world. Yet doctors frequently do not treat or prevent the disease as they should. Education and training are lacking. In the present article an overview of these and other smoking-related problems and, at the same time, a description of the practical management of an outpatient clinic for smoking cessation, the epidemiology of smoking, the related risks and mortality, as well as the advantages of quitting are presented. The toxicology and pharmacology are discussed, in relation to addiction and craving. The article also includes the diagnosis of nicotine-dependence and nicotine replacement as well as bupropione and acupuncture treatments. The gain in body weight, depression and relapse are also dealt with. The various and personally tailored therapeutic strategies used in a service operating in a setting of Internal Medicine are presented and discussed.
online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12886824&dopt=Abstract [PubMed - in process]
The average human scalp is covered by approximatey 100,000 hair follicles. Each hair undergoes
hair cycle and normally 50-100 hairs randomly fall out a day, which is unnoticeable because lost hair is replaced by as many new hairs springing up daily. Hair loss results from the fall out of hair from the hair follicle. Alopecia or excessive, premature hair loss is the condition caused by many factors.
Loss of hair itself does not pose critical health problems because biological role of human hair is relatively marginal. Hair on our scalp protects the head from mechanical shock, heat loss, and exposure to UV-light. The eyelashes and eyebrowes protect the eyes, and hair in the ear canal or the nasal passages help filter out particles and pathogens, thus protecting our internal organs.
However, hair does play important social role: it is one of the major determinants of our appearance and identity in daily life. Fullness of hair also implicates or manifests physical integrity and youthfulness of the person. Losing hair could have more than just emotional impacts on individuals.
The hair is a unique organ that goes through a characteristic cycle consisting of an immature phase, a growing phase called anagen, a transitional phase between the growing phase and the resting phase called catagen, and finally a resting phase called telogen in which the hair stops growing, waiting to fall out. 85-90% of hairs on our body are in anagen phase or growing phase, which lasts anywhere from two to five years. This phase is followed by a short regression phase, or catagen, which lasts 2-3 weeks. Approximately 1% of hair follicles are in catagen. Approximately 10-15% of hair follicles are in the resting phase, the telogen, which lasts about 3-5 months. Hair follicles typically goes through 10-20 asynchronous cycles during the lifetime.
Persistent loss of more than 150 hairs would consist a state of hair loss, or alopecia, albeit it could be temporary.
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