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hair related research references ||
testosterone related research references ||
melanin related research references ||
nicotine related research references
Medicina (B Aires). 2002;62(4):335-6.
[Acute confusional syndrome due to acute nicotine withdrawal]
[Article in Spanish]
Klein M, Payaslian S, Gomez J, Prigioni A.
Servicio de Clinica Medica, Clinica Modelo SA, Lanus, Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina. mkleintramed.net.ar
Delirium or acute confusional state among hospitalized patients is a frequent and serious problem. It is characterized by acute onset symptoms, fluctuating course, impaired attention, unorganized thinking, and altered level of consciousness. Delirium, as a manifestation of acute nicotine withdrawal syndrome has been reported in the reviewed literature only in eight cases. We report the case of a heavy smoker admitted because of a reagudization of his chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. At the third day of nicotine abstinence, he developed delirium with a rapid improvement of his symptoms after treatment with a transdermal nicotine patch. This description suggests that in hospitalized heavy smokers who develop delirium with agitation, a simple trial with a nicotine patch can offer a dramatic therapeutic response in a few hours, constituting additionally a confirmatory test. The recognition of delirium as a manifestation of nicotine withdrawal could allow to determine the origin of symptoms and to apply the appropriate therapy, in certain complex cases that now remain undiagnosed.
online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12325491&dopt=Abstract
Am J Prev Med. 2002 Oct;23(3):143-9.
Snuff use and smoking in U.S. men: implications for harm reduction.
Tomar SL.
University of Florida College of Dentistry, Division of Public Health Services and Research, Gainesville, Florida 32610, USA. stomaental.ufl.edu
BACKGROUND: Encouraging smokers to switch to snuff may have unintended public health implications. This study examined the associations between snuff use and smoking in a representative sample of U.S. men. METHODS: Subjects were males aged >or=18 years in the National Health Interview Survey (N=13,865). The data analysis was conducted between August 2001 and April 2002. Multiple logistic regression modeling was used to examine the association between using snuff and quitting smoking. RESULTS: In 1998, 26.4% of U.S. men smoked, 3.6% used snuff, and 1.1% used both products. Adjusting for age and race/ethnicity, current smoking was most prevalent among males who used snuff on some days (38.9%) and lowest among those who used snuff every day (19.2%). Daily snuff users were significantly more likely than never-users to have quit smoking in the preceding 12 months (odds ratio [OR]=4.23; 95% confidence interval [CI]=2.16-8.28). However, U.S. men were more likely to be former snuff users who currently smoked (2.5%) than to be former smokers who currently used snuff (1.0%). Occasional snuff users (some day users) were more likely than never users to have tried to quit smoking in the preceding year (OR=1.69; 95% CI=1.04-2.76) but tended to be less likely to succeed (OR=0.50; 95% CI=0.19-1.33). CONCLUSIONS: Some men may use snuff to quit smoking, but U.S. men more commonly switch from snuff use to smoking. Some smokers may use snuff to supplement their nicotine intake, and smokers who also use snuff are more likely than nonusers to try to quit smoking but tend to have less success.
online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12350445&dopt=Abstract
Anesth Analg. 2002 Oct;95(4):900-6, table of contents.
A neurosteroid anesthetic, alphaxalone, inhibits nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in cultured bovine adrenal chromaffin cells.
Shiraishi M, Shibuya I, Minami K, Uezono Y, Okamoto T, Yanagihara N, Ueno S, Ueta Y, Shigematsu A.
Department of Anesthesiology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, Kitakyushu, Japan.
Several lines of evidence suggest that nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) are a target of general anesthetics. Alphaxalone (5alpha-pregnan-3alpha-ol-11, 20-dion) is a neurosteroid, which was used clinically for anesthesia, but its effects on the function of nAChRs have not been well investigated. We examined the effects of alphaxalone on nAChRs in cultured bovine adrenal chromaffin cells. We studied the effects of alphaxalone on nicotine-induced increases in the cytosolic Ca(2+) concentration ([Ca(2+)](i)) and on membrane currents using Ca(2+)-imaging and whole-cell patch-clamp techniques, respectively, in these cells. We also examined the effects of alphaxalone on gamma-aminobutyric acid A receptors in the same cells and compared them with the effects on nAChRs. Alphaxalone (0.1-100 micro M) inhibited nicotine-induced [Ca(2+)](i) increases in a concentration-dependent manner. Alphaxalone inhibited high K(+)-induced [Ca(2+)](i) increases, but the inhibition was observed only at 100 micro M. In voltage-clamp experiments using negative holding potentials, alphaxalone (0.1-100 micro M) itself induced inward currents, which were abolished by the gamma-aminobutyric acid A receptor antagonist picrotoxin. Alphaxalone also inhibited nicotine-induced inward currents, and the inhibition was unaffected by picrotoxin. We conclude that alphaxalone, at anesthetic concentrations, inhibits nAChRs in adrenal chromaffin cells. Alphaxalone may affect the sympathetic and other nervous systems via inhibition of nAChRs. IMPLICATIONS: Alphaxalone inhibits the function of nAChRs at clinically relevant concentrations in adrenal chromaffin cells. Thus, the present findings may provide some information for understanding the anesthetic mechanism of alphaxalone.
online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12351265&dopt=Abstract
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