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Fatty acids resources:

Pathogen research abs 1 || Pathogen research abs 2 || Pathogen research abs 3 || Pathogen research abs 4 || Pathogen research abs 5 || Hormone and endocrine research abs 1 || Hormone and endocrine research abs 2 || Hormone and endocrine research abs 3 || Hormone and endocrine research abs 4 || Hormone and endocrine research abs 5 || Follicle and follicular cells research abs 1 || Interferon research abs 1 || Hemoglobin research abs || Stem cell research abs || Nucleic acid research abs





Biochim Biophys Acta. 2000 Jun 21;1492(1):127-38.
Expression of purinergic receptors (ionotropic P2X1-7 and metabotropic P2Y1-11) during myeloid differentiation of HL60 cells.

Adrian K, Bernhard MK, Breitinger HG, Ogilvie A.

Department of Biochemistry, University of Erlangen, Fahrstr. 17, 91054 Erlangen, Germany.

The expression of human purinergic P2 receptors (P2X1-7 and P2Y1-11) as well as the ecto-enzymes apyrase (CD39) and 5'-nucleotidase (CD73) was investigated on the nucleic acid level during granulocytic and monocytic differentiation of HL60 cells and on peripheral human blood leukocytes. RT-PCR and dot-blot hybridization assays indicated that mRNA transcripts of all analyzed P2 receptors apart from the P2X3 receptor were expressed during myeloid development of HL60 cells, showing a distinct regulation during the course of differentiation. In blood leukocytes, transcripts of P2X5, P2X7 and all P2Y receptors, except for P2Y6, receptor were found. CD39 and CD73 showed a marked upregulation during myeloid maturation. Functional analysis of P2 receptor-mediated intracellular Ca(2+)-increase after stimulation with ATP revealed no change during granulocytic differentiation, but showed a strong attenuation in both potency and efficacy during monocytic development of HL60 cells.


online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11004484&dopt=Abstract



Biochim Biophys Acta. 2000 Jun 21;1492(1):264-8.
Identification of a novel human tRNA(Ser(CGA)) functional in murine leukemia virus replication.

Lund AH, Schmitz A, Pedersen FS, Duch M.

Department of Molecular and Structural Biology, University of Aarhus, Denmark.

We have identified a human tRNA(Ser) isoacceptor matching the UCG codon. The tRNA was discovered via its ability to act in reverse transcription of a murine leukemia virus vector containing a complementary tRNA primer binding site (Lund et al., Nucleic Acids Res., 28 (2000) 791-799). The tRNA(Ser(CGA)) was detected in cell lines of human, monkey and mouse origin. The UCG codon is the most rarely used codon in human genes. The cloned human tRNA(Ser(CGA)) gene encodes an 85 nucleotide, intron-less tRNA, contains a consensus split intragenic promoter and is located at region p21.3-22.2 on chromosome 6. The integrity and functionality of the cloned tRNA(Ser(CGA)) gene was verified by in vitro transcription analysis in HeLa nuclear extracts.


online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11004500&dopt=Abstract



Zentralbl Gynakol. 2000;122(8):413-8.
Determination of cytokine mRNA-expression in term human placenta of patients with gestational hypertension, intrauterine growth retardation and gestational diabetes mellitus using polymerase chain reaction.

Heinig J, Wilhelm S, Muller H, Briese V, Bittorf T, Brock J.

Biochemical Institute of the University of Rostock. heinini-muenster.de

OBJECTIVE: Our objective was to test the hypothesis, that pregnancy-related diseases are going along with changes in cytokine mRNA-expression at the placental site, either as a part of a pathological process or in connection with regulatory mechanisms induced by disturbances at the feto-maternal interface resulting from previous pathological changes--in the sense of counterregulation. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The cytokines chosen for this investigation are known to 1.) be expressed in the human placental tissue, 2.) to be involved in immunological processes and 3.) the regulation of growth and differentiation processes of different cell types of the placenta or decidua, 4.) to play a role in the angiogenesis at the feto-placental interface and 5.) to be involved in pathological processes in other human diseases. 32 samples derived from term human placentas were examined for messenger RNA levels of interleukin 1 alpha (II-1 alpha), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), platelet derived growth factor-A chain (PDGF-A), platelet derived growth factor-B chain (PDGF-B), and platelet derived growth factor receptor (PDGF-R) using a semiquantitative reverse transcriptase (RT) polymerase chain reaction (PCR) protocol. To calibrate samples in our procedure, beta-actin mRNA (messenger ribonucleic acid) known as a "house keeping" gene was proven to be constantly expressed. The sample-groups consisted of normal pregnancies (n = 8), gestational hypertension (GH, n = 7), intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR, n = 6), gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM, n = 5), and gemini (n = 3 x 2). RESULTS: Throughout the 32 samples, a significant correlation between PDGF-A and PDGF-R expression, PDGF-A and TNF-alpha expression was stated (p = 0.007). Compared with the pattern of expression in normal placentas, placentas of growth retarded pregnancies had higher Il-1 alpha mRNA (p = 0.016), PDGF-A (p = 0.029) and PDGF-B (p = 0.001) levels. The samples of the gestational hypertension group and placentas of patients with gestational diabetes displayed a significantly stronger PDGF-R mRNA signal (p = 0.0029 and p = 0.008). CONCLUSIONS: Though these marked differences in cytokine mRNA levels between clinical groups were statistically proven, clear correlation of these differences with clinical data was not found.


online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11005132&dopt=Abstract



Pflugers Arch. 2000 Sep;440(5):761-9.
Ornithine metabolism along the female mouse nephron: localization of ornithine decarboxylase and ornithine aminotransferase.

Levillain O, Diaz JJ, Reymond I, Soulet D.

Faculte de Medecine Lyon RTH Laennec, U 499 INSERM, Laboratoire de Physiopathologie Metabolique et Renale, France. Olivier.Levillaiaennec.univ-lyon1.fr

The fate of ornithine in the nephron of the female OF-1 Swiss mouse remains unknown. The aim of the present study was to identify the nephron segments containing the key enzymes involved in ornithine metabolism: ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) and ornithine aminotransferase (OAT). Viable tubules isolated by microdissection were incubated with [1-14C]ornithine to study the oxidative pathway. Other tubules were permeabilized to measure the ODC activity. Ornithine was decarboxylated in all intact tubules. Gabaculine, a suicide inhibitor of OAT, and rotenone sharply decreased the production of 14CO2 from [1-14C]ornithine. No ODC activity was found in permeabilized tubules isolated from untreated mice. Testosterone increased ODC activity in the proximal tubule substantially and to a minor extent in other nephron segments. In situ hybridization showed ODC messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) to be absent in kidneys of untreated females but abundant in the cortex and the outer stripe of the outer medulla of testosterone-treated female mice. The whole proximal tubule contained a great density of silver grains corresponding to ODC mRNA. In conclusion, no basal ODC activity was found in the nephron of female mice. The testosterone-inducible ODC is localized mainly in the proximal tubule, but is also present in distal tubules and collecting ducts. OAT is distributed along the whole nephron, but its activity is higher in proximal tubules than in distal tubules.


online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11007319&dopt=Abstract



J Heart Lung Transplant. 2000 Sep;19(9):819-24.
Expression of proinflammatory cytokines in the failing human heart: comparison of recent-onset and end-stage congestive heart failure.

Kubota T, Miyagishima M, Alvarez RJ, Kormos R, Rosenblum WD, Demetris AJ, Semigran MJ, Dec GW, Holubkov R, McTiernan CF, Mann DL, Feldman AM, McNamara DM.

Cardiovascular Institute of the UPMC Health System, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA.

BACKGROUND: Plasma levels of proinflammatory cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and interleukin (IL)-6, are elevated in patients with congestive heart failure (CHF). Recent studies suggest that the failing human heart is a source of proinflammatory cytokines in the end-stage failing heart. However, the relevance of plasma levels to those of the myocardium remains undefined. We sought to compare cytokine expression in early and end-stage CHF, and to evaluate the correlation of tissue expression to plasma levels. METHODS: Two patient populations were studied: patients with recent-onset CHF, all with symptoms less than 6 months (n = 17, duration of symptoms 2.1 +/- 1.6 months, range of New York Heart Association (NYHA) 1 to 3), and end-stage heart-failure patients (n = 7) who underwent left-ventricular assist-device (LVAD) implantation (Duration of symptoms 47.1 +/- 28.0 months, all NYHA class 4). Plasma levels of TNF-alpha and IL-6 proteins were evaluated by an Enzyme-Linked Immuno-Sorbent Assay (ELISA), while myocardial levels of cytokine transcripts were assessed by ribonuclease (Rnase) protection assay. RESULTS: In patients with end-stage heart failure, TNF-alpha and IL-6 were increased in the plasma as well as in the myocardium (plasma: TNF-alpha = 7.7 +/- 2.3 pg/ml, IL-6 = 45.0 +/- 47.1 pg/ml; myocardium: TNF-alpha = 0.31 +/- 0.15% of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) expression, IL-6 = 1.56 +/- 1.54% ). In contrast, despite elevated plasma levels of TNF-alpha and IL-6, the myocardium of patients with the recent onset of symptoms demonstrated minimal expression of TNF-alpha and IL-6 messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) (plasma: TNF-alpha = 4.3 +/- 1.7 pg/ml, IL-6 = 3.3 +/- 1.8 pg/ml; myocardium: TNF-alpha = 0.13 +/- 0. 04%, IL-6 = 0.02 +/- 0.04%). Plasma levels of TNF-alpha were significantly correlated with those in the myocardium when both populations were combined. (r = 0.69, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Cytokines are expressed in the myocardium in end-stage heart failure to a much greater degree than in patients with the recent-onset of symptoms. This suggests that induction of cytokines in the myocardium is a relatively late event in the pathogenesis of CHF. Furthermore, plasma levels of TNF-alpha correlates with mRNA expression in the myocardium and thus may serve as an appropriate marker of myocardial cytokine activation.Whether the production of cytokines in the failing human heart precedes the elevation of cytokines in the plasma remains undefined. Therefore, we studied expression of TNF-alpha and IL-6 in the myocardium as well as in the plasma in patients with early and end-stage CHF. The results have demonstrated that cytokines are expressed in the myocardium in end-stage heart failure to a much greater degree than in patients with the recent onset of symptoms. This suggests that induction of cytokines in the myocardium is a relatively late event in the pathogenesis of CHF.


online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11008069&dopt=Abstract







Natural Herbal Supplement: Hair Million


Hair loss alone does not pose significant health problems. In fact, there are people who opt for baldness as an alternative hair style. However, in general, however, hair loss is not considered desirable.

The most ostensive feature that distinguishes us human from chimps and other primates is the lack of bodily hair. During evolutionary process, we have lost the majority of hair. Hair is no longer a biologically essential part of our body, just like appendix. The hair we still have on our scalp and a few other bodily parts is still regarded as significant for reasons other than biological necessity. Hair loss is naturally accompanied by aging process, although the extent of hair loss and the timing of onset vary widely among individuals. Thus, loss of hair and baldness is considered as a symbol of maturity or old age. Like winkles and other signs of aging, hair loss is not welcome by most people, because we don't welcome aging, and being perceived as an aging person. However, it is alopecia, or premature hair loss that especially concerns certain people.

While the hair loss and resulting baldness in general have not been proven to be related to underlying health problems, there are certain correlations between hair loss and health problems. For instance, premature hair loss could suggest premature aging or nutritional and hormonal imbalance, stressful life, use of drugs that cause hair loss as a side effect, skin disease, or heart disease. The balding appearance could also impart a subdued impression of integrity in bodily health and youthfulness.












DHEA is a natural hormone, and it is produced in our body by the adrenal glands. DHEA has been suggested to provide numerous potential benefits. DHEA (or dehydroepiandrosterone) is converted into androgens (male hormones) or estrogens (female hormones) in the cells. Our bodies produce decreasing amount of DHEA as we get older. various health benefits: To deter aging, improve sexual function/erectile dysfunction, treat cognitive decline, enhance athletic performance, facilitate weight loss, improve strength, prevent osteoporosis, enhance immunomodulation for rheumatic conditions, and treat depression.





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