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Z Arztl Fortbild Qualitatssich. 2002 Mar;96(3):167-74.
[Epidemiology, pathogenesis and therapy of diabetic retinopathy and maculopathy]

[Article in German]

Jochmann C, Hammes HP.

Klinik und Poliklinik fur Augenheilkunde, Universitatsklinikum Leipzig AoR. joced.uni-leipzig.de

Diabetic retinopathy is the most prevalent microvascular complication of diabetes mellitus and affects the majority of patients who have suffered diabetes for at least 20 years. Due to the lack of specific symptoms screening of patients is required for early retinal lesions to be detected. Chronic hyperglycemia plays a predominant role in the pathogenesis of the disease. A common denominator of hyperglycemic vascular injury is the increased production of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species, leading to the activation of protein kinase C, of the aldose reductase pathway, and to the increased formation of advanced glycation end products, with the well-described deleterious effects on the microvasculature. Moreover, hypertension and factors such as puberty and pregnancy can worsen retinopathy. Effective screening and therapy can prevent blindness. A distinction is made between proliferative and non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy and diabetic macula oedema. The professional associations of ophthalmologists and internists have drawn up guidelines for the necessary examinations, for therapy and the appropriate intervals between check-ups. Laser photocoagulation can halt further loss of vision, in particular in cases of proliferative diabetic retinopathy and diabetic macula oedema. Vitrectomy is an operative procedure that can bring about a functional improvement even for patients in advanced stages.

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12017760&dopt=Abstract

C R Biol. 2002 Mar;325(3):231-8.
[Characterization of pathogenic bacteria of the cupped oyster Crassostrea gigas]

[Article in French]

Waechter M, Le Roux F, Nicolas JL, Marissal E, Berthe F.

Laboratoire de genetique et pathologie, Ifremer, 17390 La Tremblade, France.

The French mollusc production is mainly based on the Pacific cupped oyster, Crassostrea gigas. Since 1991, outbreaks of mass mortality of juveniles are reported during the summer period. These outbreaks are a major concern of oyster industry. Several studies have established given bacterial strains to be pathogenic for bivalve species, including oysters. Here we present a study of mortality outbreaks of C. gigas, as initiated in 1995. In a first step, bacterial strains were isolated during mass mortality outbreak and were biochemically characterised. Among the isolated strains, some strains of Vibrio splendidus biovar II were found to be pathogenic by means of experimental challenge of oyster juveniles. In the second step, a genotypical identification of the pathogenic strain was undertaken, based on 16S RNA sequences and phylogenetic analysis. It confirmed that the pathogenetic strain belonged to Vibrio splendidus biovar II.

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12017771&dopt=Abstract

Genetika. 2002 Apr;38(4):497-506.
[Genetic characterization of rye samples with regard to leaf rust resistance]

[Article in Russian]

Solodukhina OV.

All-Russia Vavilov Institute of Plant Industry, St. Petersburg, 189620 Russia.

The genetic control of leaf rust resistance has been investigated by test crosses and the test-clone method in the rye samples Malysh 72-2, Chulpan 3, Immunnaya 4, Yaroslavna 3, Lovashpatonae 2, Gotor 2, Talovskaya 12-2, Braunrostresisten 2, Orlovskaya 9-2, 3098/18, and 4001/10. It has been found that this trait is controlled by a set of nonidentical oligogenes. Dominant gene Lr6 controls leaf rust resistance in Chulpan 3 and Immunnaya 4; Lr5, in Malysh 72-2; and Lr-c, in Yaroslavna 3. Test crosses have shown that genes Lr-a and Lr-b differ from the genes determining the resistance in Gotor 2 and Braunrostresisten 2. In German samples 3098/18 and 4001/10, the resistance to the Petersburg population of the pathogen is controlled by nonallelic genes Lr-a and Lr-b. It has been found that gene Lr-b is not identical to the resistance gene of Lovashpatonae 2, and Lr-a is not identical to Lr-c. In all samples, resistance to the leaf rust population is controlled by dominant genes from the stage of seedlings till maturity. Highly efficient Lr genes are present in the samples Malysh 72-2, Chulpan 3, Immunnaya 4, Yaroslavna 3, Lovashpatonae 2, Gotor 2, Talovskaya 12-2, 3098/18, and 4001/10. In addition to the oligogenes, most samples possess genes efficiently controlling particular clones of the pathogen.

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12018167&dopt=Abstract

J Helminthol. 2002 Mar;76(1):37-43.
Failure to infect laboratory rodent hosts with human isolates of Rodentolepis (= Hymenolepis) nana.

Macnish MG, Morgan UM, Behnke JM, Thompson RC.

WHO Collaborating Centre for the Molecular Epidemiology of Parasitic Infections and Division of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Murdoch University, Western Australia, Australia.

Confusion exists over the species status and host-specificity of the tapeworm Rodentolepis (= Hymenolepis) nana. It has been described as one species, R. nana, found in both humans and rodents. Others have identified a subspecies; R. nana var. fraterna, describing it as morphologically identical to the human form but only found in rodents. The species present in Australian communities has never been identified with certainty. Fifty one human isolates of Rodentolepis (= Hymenolepis) nana were orally inoculated into Swiss Q, BALB/c, A/J, CBA/ CAH and nude (hypothymic) BALB/c mice, Fischer 344 and Wistar rats and specific pathogen free (SPF) hamsters. Twenty four human isolates of R. nana were cross-tested in flour beetles, Tribolium confusum. No adult worms were obtained from mice, rats or hamsters, even when immunosuppressed with cortisone acetate. Only one of the 24 samples developed to the cysticercoid stage in T. confusum; however, when inoculated into laboratory mice the cysticercoids failed to develop into adult worms. The large sample size used in this study, and the range of techniques employed for extraction and preparation of eggs provide a comprehensive test of the hypothesis that the human strain of R. nana is essentially non-infective to rodents.

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12018194&dopt=Abstract

Nature. 2002 May 2;417(6884):91-4.
Neutrophil elastase targets virulence factors of enterobacteria.

Weinrauch Y, Drujan D, Shapiro SD, Weiss J, Zychlinsky A.

Skirball Institute and Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.

Shigellae cause bacillary dysentery, a bloody form of diarrhoea that affects almost 200 million people and causes nearly 2 million deaths per year. Shigella invades the colonic mucosa, where it initiates an acute inflammation, rich in neutrophils, that initially contributes to tissue damage and eventually resolves the infection. Neutrophils are phagocytic cells that kill microorganisms but it is unclear how neutrophils control pathogenic bacteria expressing virulence factors that manipulate host cells. In contrast to other cells, neutrophils prevent the escape of Shigella from phagocytic vacuoles in which the bacteria are killed. Here we identify human neutrophil elastase (NE) as a key host defence protein: NE degrades Shigella virulence factors at a 1,000-fold lower concentration than that needed to degrade other bacterial proteins. In neutrophils in which NE is inactivated pharmacologically or genetically, Shigella escapes from phagosomes, increasing bacterial survival. NE also preferentially cleaves virulence factors of Salmonella and Yersinia. These findings establish NE as the first neutrophil factor that targets bacterial virulence proteins.

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12018205&dopt=Abstract

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