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Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 2002 Oct;283(4):L785-90.
Meconium aspiration produces airway hyperresponsiveness and eosinophilic inflammation in a murine model.

Khan AM, Elidemir O, Epstein CE, Lally KP, Xue H, Blackburn M, Larsen GL, Colasurdo GN.

Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas-Houston Medical School, 77030, USA.

Meconium aspiration syndrome is a cause of significant morbidity and mortality in the perinatal period and has been implicated in the pathogenesis of airway dysfunction. In this study, we developed a murine model to evaluate the effects of meconium aspiration on airway physiology and lung cellular responses. Under light anesthesia, BALB/c mice received a single intratracheal instillation of meconium or physiological saline. Respiratory mechanics were measured in unrestrained animals and expressed as percent increase in enhanced pause to increasing concentrations of methacholine (MCh). Furthermore, we assessed the changes in cells and cytokines into the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). We found meconium aspiration produced increased airway responsiveness to MCh at 7 days. These functional changes were associated with lymphocytic/eosinophilic inflammation, goblet cell metaplasia, and increased concentrations of IL-5 and IL-13 in the BALF. Our findings suggest meconium aspiration leads to alterations of airway function, lung eosinophilia, goblet cell metaplasia, and cytokine imbalance, thus providing the first evidence of meconium-induced airway dysfunction in a mouse model.

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12225955&dopt=Abstract

Obes Res. 2002 Sep;10(9):939-46.
Human leptin stimulates systemic nitric oxide production in the rat.

Beltowski J, Wojcicka G, Borkowska E.

Department of Pathophysiology, Medical University, ul. Jaczewskiego 8, 20-090 Lublin, Poland. patfisklepios.am.lublin.pl

OBJECTIVE: Apart from having an effect on energy balance, leptin is also involved in cardiovascular regulation and in the pathogenesis of obesity-associated hypertension. We investigated the effect of leptin on nitric oxide (NO) production. RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES: Wistar rats were placed in metabolic cages, and urine was collected in 2-hour periods. After the control period, leptin (1 mg/kg intraperitoneal) was administered, and urine collection was continued for up to 6 hours. Blood was obtained 0.5, 1, 2, 4, and 6 hours after hormone injection. RESULTS: Leptin increased plasma concentrations of NO metabolites (nitrates + nitrites, NO(x)) by 32.5%, 58.0%, and 29.7% at 1, 2, and 4 hours, respectively. Urinary NO(x) excretion increased by 28.8% in the first and by 20.1% in the second 2-hour period after injection. The plasma concentration of the NO second messenger, cyclic guanosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cGMP), increased by 83% and 50.6% at 2 and 4 hours after leptin administration, respectively. Urinary excretion of cyclic GMP increased by 36.1% in the first and by 43.1% in the second 2-hour period. Leptin had no effect on the plasma concentration of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP). The effect of leptin on plasma and urinary NO(x) was abolished by the NO synthase inhibitor, N(G)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) (30 mg/kg intraperitoneal) administered 15 minutes before leptin injection. L-NAME alone caused a 32.2% increase in systolic blood pressure, but this increase was not observed in rats receiving L-NAME and leptin. DISCUSSION: The results indicate that leptin stimulates systemic NO production; leptin prevents blood pressure elevation induced by acute NO blockade, suggesting that leptin also triggers additional hypotensive mechanisms; and ANP is not involved in renal and vascular effects of leptin.

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12226143&dopt=Abstract

Plant Physiol. 1996 Feb;110(2):365-376.
Physiological and Molecular Characteristics of Elicitin-Induced Systemic Acquired Resistance in Tobacco.

Keller H, Blein JP, Bonnet P, Ricci P.

Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Station de Botanique et de Pathologie Vegetale, BP 2078, 06606 Antibes Cedex, France (H.K., P.B., P.R.).

Elicitins are low molecular weight proteins secreted by all Phytophthora species analyzed so far. Application of the purified proteins to tobacco Nicotiana tabacum leads to the induction of resistance to subsequent inoculations with the black shank-causing agent, Phytophthora parasitica var nicotianae. In this paper, we describe the systemic characteristics of elicitin-induced acquired resistance in tobacco. Elicitin application is followed by the rapid translocation of the protein in the plant. The basic elicitin, cryptogein, induces necrosis formation in the leaves, which results from accumulation of the protein in these organs. Necrosis does not seem to be essential for the establishment of systemic acquired resistance (SAR), since resistance induced by the acidic elicitin, capsicein, is not accompanied by the development of visible symptoms on the leaves. Both elicitins trigger the coordinate accumulation of transcripts from nine genes, previously described to be expressed during establishment of SAR. Additionally, elicitin treatment leads to the activation of the multiple response gene str 246. In leaves, transcript accumulation was found to be higher in all cases in response to cryptogein compared to capsicein treatment. These results, along with northern hybridization analysis following infiltration of leaves with cryptogein, indicate that SAR genes appear to be expressed locally, corresponding to necrosis formation as well as systemically during induction of resistance. To our knowledge, elicitins are the only well-characterized, pathogen-derived molecules that trigger SAR in a plant.

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12226188&dopt=Abstract [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

Plant Physiol. 1996 Feb;110(2):621-629.
The Superoxide Synthases of Plasma Membrane Preparations from Cultured Rose Cells.

Murphy TM, Auh CK.

Section of Plant Biology, University of California, Davis, California 95616.

Preparations of plasma membranes isolated from cultured rose (Rosa damascena Mill. cv Gloire de Guilan) cells synthesized O2- when incubated with either NADH or NADPH, as measured by an O2--specific assay based on the chemiluminescence of lucigenin. The activities were strongly dependent on the presence of Triton X-100. The Km for NADH was 159 [mu]M; that for NADPH was 19 [mu]M. Neither NADH- nor NADPH-dependent activity was inhibited by azide, an inhibitor of peroxidase, nor by antimycin A, an inhibitor of mitochondrial electron transport; both activities were inhibited by 30 to 100 nM diphenylene iodonium, an inhibitor of the mammalian NADPH oxidase. The NADH- and NADPH-dependent activities could be distinguished by detergent solubilization and ultracentrifugation: the NADH-dependent activity sedimented more easily, whereas the NADPH-dependent activity remained in suspension. One or both of these enzymes may provide the O2- seen when plant cells are exposed to pathogens or pathogen-associated elicitors; however, plasma membranes from rose cells treated with a Phytophthora elicitor had the same activity as control cells.

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12226208&dopt=Abstract [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

Plant Physiol. 1996 Mar;110(3):759-763.
The Active Oxygen Response of Cell Suspensions to Incompatible Bacteria Is Not Sufficient to Cause Hypersensitive Cell Death.

Glazener JA, Orlandi EW, Baker CJ.

Molecular Plant Pathology Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Reseach Service, Beltsville, Maryland 20705-2350 (J.A.G., C.J.B.).

The inoculation of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) suspension cells with bacterial pathogens that elicit the hypersensitive response (HR) in leaves has been shown to elicit production of active oxygen. This response occurs in two phases, the second of which occurs 1 to 3 h after bacterial addition and is unique to HR-causing interactions. The relationship between the phase II active oxygen response and the HR was characterized using Pseudomonas syringae pv syringae and P. fluorescens (pHIR11), which contains a cosmid clone of the hrp/hrm region from P. syringae pv syringae. TnphoA mutations in complementation groups II through XIII of the hrp cluster blocked the phase II active oxygen response, whereas mutations in the group I hrmA locus did not affect phase II. Despite the normal active oxygen response, bacteria with mutations in the hrmA region did not cause the HR in intact tobacco leaves nor did they induce hypersensitive cell death in cell suspensions. The data indicate that the bacteria do not require the hrmA region to elicit active oxygen production, but a full and intact hrp/hrm region is required to elicit hypersensitive cell death. Therefore, the phase II active oxygen response does not directly cause hypersensitive cell death nor is the response itself sufficient to trigger the HR.

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12226215&dopt=Abstract [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

Hair loss is a problem in modern soceity. Examining the factors of hair growth may shed light on how hair loss might occur. How long can hair grow before it stops growing eventually if it does? Given that the hair growth rate is quite uniform and constant, somewhere between 0.3-0.5 millimeters per day, it's believed that the length of anagen, the growth phase, differs among individuals, and this is the major determinant to the maximum hair length. For some individuals, anagen may last ten years. Of course the length of the anagen is governed by genes, and the genetic background of the individuals. Non-genetic factors such as nutritional condition, weather, seasonal changes (hair may grow a bit faster during winter), taking medications, health condition may of course influence the rate of hair growth as well as hair loss. The shape of the hair, straight or curly, is dependent on the shape of the follicle. A circular or round hair follicle would generate straight hair, while the follicle with oval or elliptical shapes (in its cross-section) would produce a curly hair.

DHEA is a natural hormone, and it is produced in our body by the adrenal glands. DHEA has been suggested to provide numerous potential benefits. DHEA (or dehydroepiandrosterone) is converted into androgens (male hormones) or estrogens (female hormones) in the cells.

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