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Plant Physiol. 1995 Jun;108(2):489-493.
In Situ Detection of nDNA Fragmentation during the Differentiation of Tracheary Elements in Higher Plants.

Mittler R, Lam E.

AgBiotech Center and Department of Plant Science, P.O. Box 759, Waksman Institute, Rutgers The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854.

Programmed cell death (pcd) is thought to occur during the autolysis of xylem vessels. Although several ultrastructural aspects of this differentiation process have been characterized, certain key aspects of this process remain unsolved. Here we demonstrate in pea (Pisum sativum) that nuclei of vessel elements undergoing pcd contain fragmented nDNA. This finding may provide evidence for the activation of a DNA degradation mechanism prior to the final disruption of the nucleus that occurs during the autolysis stage of this differentiation process. In situ detection of DNA fragmentation in nuclei of vessel elements undergoing pcd may therefore suggest that this death process involves the activation of a mechanism for DNA degradation, similar to that activated during apoptosis in animal cells. In addition, this differentiation process may serve as a useful positive control for the in situ detection of pcd in other developmental pathways and during the hypersensitive response of plants to avirulent pathogens.

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12228486&dopt=Abstract [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

Plant Physiol. 1995 Jun;108(2):633-639.
Salicylic Acid in Rice (Biosynthesis, Conjugation, and Possible Role).

Silverman P, Seskar M, Kanter D, Schweizer P, Metraux JP, Raskin I.

AgBiotech Center, Cook College, P.O. Box 231, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, 08903-0231 (P. Silverman, M.S., I.R.).

Salicylic acid (SA) is a natural inducer of disease resistance in some dicotyledonous plants. Rice seedlings (Oryza sativa L.) had the highest levels of SA among all plants tested for SA content (between 0.01 and 37.19 [mu]g/g fresh weight). The second leaf of rice seedlings had slightly lower SA levels than any younger leaves. To investigate the role of SA in rice disease resistance, we examined the levels of SA in rice (cv M-201) after inoculation with bacterial and fungal pathogens. SA levels did not increase after inoculation with either the avirulent pathogen Pseudomonas syringae D20 or with the rice pathogens Magnaporthe grisea, the causal agent of rice blast, and Rhizoctonia solani, the causal agent of sheath blight. However, leaf SA levels in 28 rice varieties showed a correlation with generalized blast resistance, indicating that SA may play a role as a constitutive defense compound. Biosynthesis and metabolism of SA in rice was studied and compared to that of tobacco. Rice shoots converted [14C]cinnamic acid to SA and the lignin precursors p-coumaric and ferulic acids, whereas [14C]benzoic acid was readily converted to SA. The data suggest that in rice, as in tobacco, SA is synthesized from cinnamic acid via benzoic acid. In rice shoots, SA is largely present as a free acid; however, exogenously supplied SA was converted to [beta]-O-D-glucosylSA by an SA-inducible glucosyltransferase (SA-GTase). A 7-fold induction of SA-GTase activity was observed after 6 h of feeding 1 mM SA. Both rice roots and shoots showed similar patterns of SA-GTase induction by SA, with maximal induction after feeding with 1 mM SA.

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12228500&dopt=Abstract [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

Plant Physiol. 1995 Jul;108(3):949-960.
Primary Metabolism in Plant Defense (Regulation of a Bean Malic Enzyme Gene Promoter in Transgenic Tobacco by Developmental and Environmental Cues).

Schaaf J, Walter MH, Hess D.

Universitat Hohenheim, Institut fur Pflanzenphysiologie (260), D-70593 Stuttgart, Germany.

NADP-dependent malic enzyme (NADP-ME, EC 1.1.1.40) catalyzes the oxidative decarboxylation of malate to pyruvate, producing CO2 and NADPH. We have examined regulatory properties of a 2.8-kb promoter-leader fragment of a bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) NADP-ME gene (PvME1) predicted to encode a cytosolic form of the enzyme by expression analysis of promoter-[beta]-glucuronidase fusions in transgenic tobacco plants. The PvME1 promoter directed strong expression in stems, which was confined to vascular and pith tissues, and was also active in floral and reproductive tissues. Wounding caused a marked induction of promoter activity, which was further strongly enhanced upon application of stimuli related to pathogen defense. Glutathione (reduced form) was the strongest inducer, but oxidized glutathione, fungal elicitor, cellulase, catalase, ascorbic acid, and NADPH were additional potent promoter-stimulating agents. Responsiveness to reduced glutathione was also shown at the level of PvME1 mRNA accumulation in bean plants. The putative contributions of NADP-ME gene expression to the plant defense response and possible mechanisms of defense gene regulation by conditions of oxidative stress as well as by H2O2 and antioxidant levels are discussed.

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12228518&dopt=Abstract [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

Plant Physiol. 1995 Jul;108(3):1171-1178.
Pretreatment of Parsley Suspension Cultures with Salicylic Acid Enhances Spontaneous and Elicited Production of H2O2.

Kauss H, Jeblick W.

Fachbereich Biologie der Universitat, Postfach 3049, D-67653 Kaiserslautern, Germany.

Suspension-cultured cells of parsley (Petroselinum crispum L.) were used to study the regulation of extracellular H2O2. After resuspension, the washed cells regulated the H2O2 concentration spontaneously to a constant level that was greatly increased when the cultures were pretreated for 1 d with salicylic acid (SA). The H2O2 level was further increased on addition of a fungal elicitor preparation, macromolecular chitosan, the sterol-binding polyene macrolide amphotericin B, the G protein-activating peptide mastoparan, or La3+. In all cases, this induced H2O2 burst was also greatly enhanced in cell suspensions pretreated with SA. Both the spontaneous and the induced H2O2 production were decreased by the protein kinase inhibitor K-252a. It is suggested that production of extracellular H2O2 occurs by an endogenously controlled plasma membrane enzyme complex that requires continuous phosphorylation for function and whose activity is increased by pretreatment of the cells with SA. This system can also receive various external stimuli, including those resulting from binding of fungal elicitor. SA can induce acquired resistance against pathogens. The conditioning of the parsley suspension culture by SA represents, therefore, a model for the long-term regulation of apoplastic H2O2 concentration by this signal substance, as suggested previously for the wound hormone methyl jasmonate.

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12228535&dopt=Abstract [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

Plant Physiol. 1995 Jul;108(3):1277-1287.
Elicitor-Induced Spruce Stress Lignin (Structural Similarity to Early Developmental Lignins).

Lange BM, Lapierre C, Sandermann H Jr.

GSF-Forschungszentrum fur Umwelt und Gesundheit GmbH, Institut fur Biochemische Pflanzenpathologie, D-85758 Oberschleissheim, Germany (B.M.L., H.S.).

Suspension cultures of Picea abies (L.) Karst released polymeric material into the culture medium when treated with an elicitor preparation from the spruce needle pathogen Rhizosphaera kalkhoffii. The presence of lignin (about 35%, w/w) was demonstrated by phloroglucinol/HCI reactivity and quantitation with thioglycolic acid. Carbohydrate (about 14%, w/w) and protein (about 32%, w/w) were also detected. Amino acid analysis revealed that hydroxyproline and proline predominated. Thioacidolysis and subsequent Raney nickel desulfurization allowed the analysis of lignin-building units and interunit bonds. Compared with spruce wood lignin, an approximately 20-fold higher relative amount of p-hydroxyphenyl units was determined. A high content of p-hydroxyphenyl units is typical for certain developmental lignins, such as conifer compression wood and middle lamella lignins, as well as all induced cell culture lignins so far analyzed. Cross-linkages of the pinoresinol type ([beta]-[beta]) in the excreted cell culture lignin were markedly increased, whereas [beta]-1 interunit linkages were decreased relative to spruce wood lignin. The amount and nature of cross-linkages were shown to be intermediate between those in wood lignin and in enzymatically prepared lignins. In summary, the elicitor-induced stress lignin was excreted as a lignin-extensin complex that closely resembled early developmental lignins.

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12228544&dopt=Abstract [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

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