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Virus Genes. 2002 Mar;24(2):149-52.
Sequence analysis of the alpha trans-inducing factor of bovine herpesvirus type 5 (BHV-5).

Gillette K, Misra V, Bratanich A.

Department of Veterinary and Microbiological Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo 58105, USA. karin.gillettdsu.nodak.edu

Bovine herpesvirus (BHV), a member of the subfamily Alphaherpesvirinae, is classified into neurovirulent and non-neurovirulent subtypes on a basis of differential neuropathogenicities. Transcription of viral immediate early (IE) genes during alphaherpesvirus gene expression, is mediated by a multi-component immediate early complex (IEC) integrated by the viral tegument protein alpha trans-inducing factor (alpha-tif), a host cell protein (HCF), and a host Octamer protein (Oct). In this paper, we present a sequence analysis of the alpha-tif of the encephalitic BHV subtype, bovine herpesvirus type 5 (BHV-5). Bovine herpesvirus type 1 (BHV-1) and BHV-5 alpha-tifs share 98% amino acid sequence homology. However, BHV-5 alpha-tif is 23 residues shorter at the amino terminus than BHV-1 alpha-tif. Amino acid alignment of the alpha-tifs of BHV-1 and BHV-5 with other alphaherpesviruses indicates areas of conserved motifs but also important differences located mainly at the amino and carboxyl termini.

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12018705&dopt=Abstract

Virus Genes. 2002 Mar;24(2):157-62.
Species-specific differences in organization of orthopoxvirus kelch-like proteins.

Shchelkunov S, Totmenin A, Kolosova I.

State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology Vector, Koltsovo, Novosibirsk Region, Russia. snshcheector.nsc.ru

Organization of orthopoxvirus proteins of the kelch superfamily and their genes were analyzed and compared. Complete genomic sequences of variola (VAR), monkeypox (MPV), vaccinia (VAC), and species-specific regions of cowpox (CPV) viruses were used in the work. Despite the multiplicity of kelch-like proteins in orthopoxviruses, their function is still vague. It has been discovered that the genes of orthopoxvirus kelch-like proteins are localized only to the terminal variable regions of the genome and display species-specific differences in the lengths of the proteins they potentially encode. All the genes belonging to kelch superfamily in the genome of VAR, which has the only host-the man, are mutationally destroyed. However, CPV, displaying the widest host range among orthopoxviruses, encode the most numerous set of kelch-like proteins. Weak homologies between kelch-like proteins of one virus were demonstrated as well as high homologies between isologues of different orthopoxvirus species. The comparison performed suggest that CPV virus is most ancient and may be considered as the ancestor of other orthopoxviruses pathogenic for humans.

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12018707&dopt=Abstract

Virus Genes. 2002 Mar;24(2):99-105.
Characterization of the glycoprotein B gene from ruminant alphaherpesviruses.

Ros C, Belak S.

Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Switzerland. carlos.robc.unibe.ch

The complete open reading frame and promoter region of the glycoprotein B (gB) gene has been identified and sequenced from five poorly characterized alphaherpesviruses of ruminants, bovine herpesvirus 5 (BHV-5), buffalo herpesvirus 1 (BuHV-1), cervine herpesvirus 1 (CerHV-1), rangiferine herpesvirus 1 (RanHV-1), and caprine herpesvirus 1 (CapHV-1). One of the two regions identified with considerable sequence and length variation is also target of the immune system, as two B cell epitopes have been identified in this location. Features shared with bovine herpesvirus 1 (BHV-1) gB include two broad hydrophobic regions, six N-glycosylation sites and ten conserved cysteine residues in the gB extracellular domain. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the studied ruminant alphaherpesviruses form, together with BHV-1, a consistent group within the alpha2 subgroup of the herpesviruses. BHV-5 and BuHV-1 are most closely related to BHV-1, followed by CerHV-1, RanHV-1 and more distantly by CapHV-1. A remarkable high degree of sequence similarity was observed between BuHV-1 and the neuropathogenic BHV-5.

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12018712&dopt=Abstract

J Biopharm Stat. 2001 Nov;11(4):237-52.
Testing microbiologic response to antiinfective medications with incomplete data.

Phillips KF.

Advanced Biologics, LLC, Lambertville, New Jersey 08530, USA.

Clinical trials of antiinfective medications often require estimates of the proportions of patients, n, who are free of disease-causing pathogens at the end of treatment, as well as the proportions of all pathogens that have been eradicated. Each patient is infected with several species of pathogens, but the response to study medication for some of these pathogens may be unknown because some specimens were lost or because the patient received nonstudy medication that was known to be effective against these species. This paper develops a statistical model that estimates pi for each treatment and that accounts for the unknown pathogen responses as well as overdispersion of the remaining responses due to within-patient effects. The data are modeled with the Poisson distribution for the numbers of pathogen species per patient and the beta-binomial model for pathogen eradication. The Poisson and beta-binomial parameters are estimated through maximum likelihood estimation, and the treatment difference in the pi valves and its standard error are estimated by transforming the underlying parameters. Confidence intervals based on these estimates are constructed to test the hypothesis of noninferiority of the test treatment.

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12018778&dopt=Abstract

Fa Yi Xue Za Zhi. 2001 May;17(2):74-6.
[Detection of coxsackie virus B3 gene in myocardium and spleen samples in myocarditis with sudden death]

[Article in Chinese]

Chen YC, Cheng JD, Ma HH, Hu BJ, Yao CL.

Department of Forensic Pathology, Sun Yat-sen University of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510080.

OBJECTIVE: To detect the Coxsackie virus B3(CVB3) gene in myocardium and spleen tissues in viral myocarditis(VMC) with sudden death and to explore the diagnostic method for VMC by means of seeking pathogene. METHODS: By in situ RT-PCR, the detection of CVB3 gene in myocardium and spleen sections were performed in sudden death group caused by VMC and non-cardiac death group. RESULTS: In VMC group, CVB3 gene-positive signals were seen in myocardium sections(3 out of total 8 cases, No. 1, 4, 7 cases) and spleen sections(4 out of total 8 cases, No. 2, 4, 6, 7 cases). In non-cardiac death group, no positive signals were detected in both myocardium and spleen tissues. CONCLUSION: Positive detection of CVB3 gene in both myocardium and spleen maybe an important character of VMC and can improve the detecting pathogene in diagnosing VMC.

online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12533859&dopt=Abstract

The average human scalp is covered by approximatey 100,000 hair follicles. Each hair undergoes hair cycle and normally 50-100 hairs randomly fall out a day, which is unnoticeable because lost hair is replaced by as many new hairs springing up daily. Hair loss results from the fall out of hair from the hair follicle. Alopecia or excessive, premature hair loss is the condition caused by many factors. Loss of hair itself does not pose critical health problems because biological role of human hair is relatively marginal. Hair on our scalp protects the head from mechanical shock, heat loss, and exposure to UV-light. The eyelashes and eyebrowes protect the eyes, and hair in the ear canal or the nasal passages help filter out particles and pathogens, thus protecting our internal organs. However, hair does play important social role: it is one of the major determinants of our appearance and identity in daily life. Fullness of hair also implicates or manifests physical integrity and youthfulness of the person. Losing hair could have more than just emotional impacts on individuals. The hair is a unique organ that goes through a characteristic cycle consisting of an immature phase, a growing phase called anagen, a transitional phase between the growing phase and the resting phase called catagen, and finally a resting phase called telogen in which the hair stops growing, waiting to fall out. 85-90% of hairs on our body are in anagen phase or growing phase, which lasts anywhere from two to five years. This phase is followed by a short regression phase, or catagen, which lasts 2-3 weeks. Approximately 1% of hair follicles are in catagen. Approximately 10-15% of hair follicles are in the resting phase, the telogen, which lasts about 3-5 months. Hair follicles typically goes through 10-20 asynchronous cycles during the lifetime. Persistent loss of more than 150 hairs would consist a state of hair loss, or alopecia, albeit it could be temporary.

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